← Long Covid treatment trials
Long Covid — Prevention Trials
Note: this listing covers many trials we picked up while searching for Long COVID research, but is not comprehensive.
Prevention trials by intervention (n = 109)
Favors treatmentFavors controlMixedNo significant differenceNo directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)Result unknown
50 with 2 or fewer trials:
All prevention trials (91)
| Reference | Intervention(s) | Design | N | Primary outcome | Result | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Association of COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations and cardiovascular drugs with hospitalisation and mortality in COVID-19 and Long COVID: 2-year follow-up of 17 million individuals in England Ashkan Dashtban; Mehrdad A. Mizani; Siobhán Rafferty; Laura Pasea; Christopher Tomlinson; Yuguang Mu; Nazrul Islam; Charlotte Warren‐Gash; Spiros Denaxas; Steffen E. Petersen; Cathie Sudlow; Kamlesh Khunti; Amitava Banerjee European Heart Journal 2024;45(Supplement_1). | COVID-19 Vaccination, Influenza Vaccination, Anticoagulants | Retrospective Cohort | 17,674,965 | All-cause mortality — COVID-19 cohort | Favors treatment | United Kingdom |
Impact of Preexisting Rare Diseases on COVID-19 Severity, Reinfection, and Long COVID, and the Modifying Effects of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy: A Retrospective Study from the N3C Data Enclave Arjun S. Yadaw; David K. Sahner; Eric Sid; Emily Y. Chew; Dominique Pichard; Ewy A. Mathé medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2025. | COVID-19 Vaccination, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) or Molnupiravir (Lagevrio), COVID-19 Vaccination Plus Paxlovid or Molnupiravir | Retrospective Cohort | 4,825,605 | Life-threatening COVID-19 disease (RD patients: vaccination vs. no intervention) | Mixed | United States |
The use of oral anticoagulation at the time of acute COVID-19 infection and subsequent development of long-COVID/post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection Freddy Frost; José Miguel Rivera-Caravaca; Gregory Y. H. Lip Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2025;58(4). | Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) | Retrospective Cohort | 2,387,423 | Composite LC/PASC outcome (9 features: cognitive dysfunction, myalgia, headache, pain, anxiety/depression, abdominal symptoms, abnormal breathing, chest/throat pain, post-viral fatigue) | Favors control | United States |
Nirmatrelvir and Molnupiravir and Post–COVID-19 Condition in Older Patients Kin Wah Fung; Fitsum Baye; Seo H. Baik; Clement J. McDonald JAMA Internal Medicine 2023;183(12). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 2,246,144 | Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) incidence | Favors treatment | United States |
Risk of Post-COVID-19 Conditions Among Adolescents and Adults Who Received Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Acute COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria O. Gregory; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia H. Koumans; Priti R. Patel; Pragna Patel; Sharon Saydah Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2025;12(10). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 874,299 | Post-COVID-19 Conditions (≥1 new-onset symptom or condition) — all ages | Mixed | United States |
1937. Use of Paxlovid for Treatment of Acute COVID-19 and Occurrence of Post-COVID Conditions among Children and Adults at High-Risk for Severe COVID-19, April 1 - December 31, 2022 Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria Perrine; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia Koumans; Priti Patel; Sharon Saydah Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023;10(Supplement_2). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 874,299 | ≥1 Post-COVID Condition among adults aged ≥50 years | Favors treatment | United States |
Impact of treatment of COVID-19 with sotrovimab on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an analysis of National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data Myriam Drysdale; Rose Chang; Tracy Guo; Mei Sheng Duh; Jennifer Han; Helen Birch; Catherine Sharpe; Daisy Liu; Sarah Kalia; Melissa Van Dyke; Maral DerSarkissian; Iain A. Gillespie Infection 2025;53(5). | Sotrovimab | Retrospective Cohort | 629,172 | Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — main definition (Definition 3): at least one of 26 Bull-Otterson PASC symptoms >= 30 days after first COVID-19 diagnosis | Favors control | United States |
SSRI Use During Acute COVID-19 Infection Associated with Lower Risk of Long COVID Among Patients with Depression Butzin-Dozier, Zachary; Ji, Yunwen; Deshpande, Sarang; Hurwitz, Eric; Coyle, Jeremy; Shi, Junming Seraphina; Mertens, Andrew; Van Der Laan, Mark J.; Colford, John M.; Patel, Rena C.; Hubbard, Alan E.; The National Covid Cohort Collaborative N3C Consortium medRxiv 2024. | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | Retrospective Cohort | 506,903 | Long COVID (PASC) cumulative incidence — any SSRI vs. no SSRI | Favors control | United States |
Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir in Protecting Long COVID for Outpatient Adult Patients – A Large-Scale Observational Cohort Study from the RECOVER Initiative Fei Wang; Chengxi Zang; Haoyang Li; Dhru Khullar; Yongkang Zhang; Stephenson Strobel; Yong Chen; Marc Sala; Payal Patel; Alejandro Comellas; Andrew Wylam; Mark Weiner; Christopher Forrest; Thomas Carton; Rainu Kaushal Research square 2024. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Prospective Cohort | 473,178 | Incident Long COVID (PASC) - composite of 24 ICD-10 condition clusters | Favors treatment | United States |
Effect of Paxlovid treatment during acute COVID-19 on Long COVID onset: An EHR-based target trial emulation from the N3C and RECOVER consortia Alexander Preiss; Abhishek Bhatia; Leyna V. Aragon; John M. Baratta; Monika Baskaran; Frank Blancero; Michael Daniel Brannock; Robert F. Chew; Iván Díaz; Megan Fitzgerald; Elizabeth P. Kelly; Andrea G. Zhou; Thomas W. Carton; Christopher G. Chute; Melissa Haendel; Richard Moffitt; Emily Pfaff PLOS Medicine 2025;22(9). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 445,738 | PASC incidence (computable phenotype prediction >0.9 or U09.9 diagnosis, 29-180 days) | No significant difference | United States |
Long‐Term Stroke and Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Acute‐Phase Paxlovid Use in Mild‐to‐Moderate COVID‐19 Cheng‐Hsun Chuang; Yu‐Hsun Wang; Liang‐Tsai Yeh; Chao‐Bin Yeh Journal of Medical Virology 2025;97(4). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 363,984 | Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) — overall follow-up | Mixed | United States |
The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the Risk of Persistent Post–COVID-19 Condition: Cohort Study Pontus Hedberg; Suzanne Desirée van der Werff; Pontus Nauclér The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2025;231(5). | COVID-19 Vaccination | Retrospective Cohort | 331,042 | Persistent post-COVID-19 condition (persistent PCC) | No significant difference | Sweden |
SSRI use during acute COVID-19 and risk of Long COVID among patients with depression Butzin-Dozier Z.; Ji Y.; Deshpande S.; Hurwitz E.; Anzalone AJ; Coyle J.; Shi J.; Mertens A.; van der Laan MJ; Colford JM Jr; Patel RC; Hubbard AE BMC Medicine 2024;22(1). | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | Retrospective Cohort | 302,626 | Long COVID (PASC) diagnosis 1-12 months after acute COVID-19 — any SSRI vs nonusers | Favors treatment | United States |
Association of Treatment With Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post–COVID-19 Condition Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly JAMA Internal Medicine 2023;183(6). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 281,793 | Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) composite score | Favors treatment | United States |
Incidence of Symptoms Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Non-Hospitalized Vaccinated Patients Receiving Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Rushin Patel; Sourbha Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Javaria Ahmad; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra medRxiv 2023. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 279,380 | Broadly defined PASC-associated symptoms (30-180 days) | Favors treatment | United States |
Reduced Incidence of Long-COVID Symptoms Related to Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Both Before COVID-19 Diagnosis and Up to 12 Weeks After Michael A. Simon; Ryan D. Luginbuhl; Richard Parker medRxiv 2021. | COVID-19 Vaccination | Retrospective Cohort | 240,648 | Any long-COVID symptom (12-20 weeks post-diagnosis) | Favors treatment | United States |
Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir on post-COVID-19 outcomes among outpatients: a target trial emulation investigation Yuchen Wei; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Guozhang Lin; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh Emerging Microbes & Infections 2025;14(1):2469648. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | Retrospective Cohort | 236,507 | Post-acute all-cause mortality (31-180 days) — Trial 1: nirmatrelvir/ritonavir vs no treatment | Favors treatment | Hong Kong |
Molnupiravir and risk of post-acute sequelae of covid-19: cohort study Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly BMJ 2023;381. | Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | Retrospective Cohort | 229,286 | Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) composite | Favors treatment | United States |
Long COVID and Reduced Thrombosis in Antihistamine-Treated Patients: An Observational Study in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona Anna Puigdellívol-Sánchez; Antonio Arévalo-Genicio; Mª Carmen García-Arqué; Marta Gragea-Nocete; Celia Lozano-Paz; Vanessa Moro-Casasola; Cristina Pérez-Díaz; Roger Valls-Foix; Ramon Roca-Puig; Maria Llistosella Viruses 2026;18(2):197. | Antihistamine (H1/H2) | Retrospective Cohort | 192,651 | Long COVID incidence | Mixed | Spain |
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and risk for postacute sequelae of COVID-19 in older Singaporeans Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; An Ting Tay; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Betty Wong; Ruth Lim; Ching Li Lee; Joyce Tan; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2025;31(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 188,532 | Any postacute diagnosis (composite cardiovascular/neurological/respiratory/autoimmune sequelae) | No significant difference | Singapore |
Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly 2022. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 56,340 | Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — composite of ≥1 of 12 prespecified sequelae | Favors treatment | United States |
Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies against postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: analysis of a COVID-19 observational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population Jonika Tannous; Alan P. Pan; Thomas Potter; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Katharine Dlouhy; Ashley Drews; Henry Dirk Sostman; Farhaan S. Vahidy BMJ Open 2023;13(4). | COVID-19 Vaccination, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies | Retrospective Cohort | 53,239 | Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) — any symptom beyond 28 days | Favors treatment | United States |
Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Acute COVID-19 in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rushin Patel; Sourbha S. Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Ashish Kumar; Javaria Ahmad; Anu Mariam Saji; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra JACC: Advances 2024;3(6). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 53,186 | Broadly defined PASC (30-90 days) | Favors treatment | United States |
Risk of Long COVID in hospitalized individuals treated with remdesivir for acute COVID-19 Mark Berry; Amanda M. Kong; Roger Paredes; Julie Paone; Rohan Shah; Rebecca Taylor; Essy Mozaffari; Rikisha Gupta; Robert L. Gottlieb; Lourdes Mateu; Mazin Abdelghany; Jason D. Goldman; Anand P. Chokkalingam Scientific Reports 2025;15(1). | Remdesivir | Retrospective Cohort | 52,006 | Composite: any Long COVID outcome (≥1 of 16 ICD-10-coded outcomes or U09.9) | Favors treatment | United States |
The Protective Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination on Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19: A Multicenter Study From a Large National Health Research Network Sokratis N. Zisis; Jared C. Durieux; Christian Mouchati; Jamie A. Perez; Grace A. McComsey Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2022;9(7). | COVID-19 Vaccination | Retrospective Cohort | 50,450 | Mortality at 28 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis | Favors treatment | United States |
COVID-19 vaccination modified the effect of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir on post-acute mortality and rehospitalization: a retrospective cohort study Huwen Wang; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh Emerging Microbes & Infections 2024;13(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) + COVID-19 vaccination | Retrospective Cohort | 50,438 | Post-acute inpatient death (all-cause mortality ≥21 days after COVID-19 index date) | Favors treatment | Hong Kong |
Associations of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and long COVID risk in patients with depression: a retrospective cohort study Zhenxiang Gao; Tomasz Tabernacki; Pamela B. Davis; David C. Kaelber; Rong Xu Infection 2026;54(1). | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | Retrospective Cohort | 39,453 | Long COVID diagnosis (ICD-10 U09.9), 3-6 months post-infection | Favors treatment | United States |
Assessment of Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Effects on Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19 Illness in US Adolescents: Target Trial Emulation Yishan Shen; Bingyu Zhang; Ravi Jhaveri; Jiayi Tong; Ting Zhou; Jiajie Chen; Dazheng Zhang; Qiong Wu; Chengxi Zang; Fei Wang; Rainu Kaushal; Jason G. Newland; Emily Taylor; Sharon J. Herring; Yuriy Bisyuk; David Liebovitz; Susan Kim; Daniel Fort; David A. Williams; Benjamin D. Horne; Mollie R. Cummins; Mei Liu; Elizabeth A. Chrischilles; Lindsay G. Cowell; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa; Payal Patel; Christopher B. Forrest; Yong Chen 2025. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 34,870 | Acute-phase hospitalization | Favors treatment | United States |
Early administration of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam; Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; Enoch Xueheng Loy; Matthew Chung Yi Koh; An Ting Tay; Huei Xin Lou; Phyllis Kim; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Boon Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2026;164. | Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (casirivimab/imdevimab, sotrovimab, or tixagevimab/cilgavimab) | Retrospective Cohort | 19,689 | Any post-acute sequelae (composite of any cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, or autoimmune sequelae) | No significant difference | Singapore |
Effectiveness of molnupiravir for treating COVID-19 in patients with psychiatric disorders Ting-Hui Liu; Hsuan-Yi Liao; Chih-Cheng Chang; Chih-Cheng Lai Frontiers in Pharmacology 2024;15:1384264. | Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | Retrospective Cohort | 18,842 | Composite of all-cause hospitalization or death within 30 days | Favors treatment | United States, multiple countries across North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa |
Assessing the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the prevention of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 Hythem Sidky; Kristen A. Hansen; Andrew T. Girvin; Nathan Hotaling; Sam G. Michael; Ken Gersing; David K. Sahner Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 2024;24. | S1R agonist SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, escitalopram) | Retrospective Cohort | 17,908 | Presumptive PASC (post-acute sequelae of COVID-19) diagnosis | Favors treatment | United States |
SGLT2 inhibitors prevent long-COVID-associated cognitive and pain symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients Han-Wei Yeh; Chung-Hsien Chaou; Shun-Fa Yang; Yu-Hsun Wang; Yu-Hsiang Kuan; Chao-Bin Yeh Virology Journal 2025;23(1). | SGLT2 inhibitors | Retrospective Cohort | 10,324 | Long COVID (any post-COVID-19 condition) at 3 to 12 months | Favors treatment | United States |
578. Metformin reduces the risk of Long COVID or Death over 6 months in an Emulated Target Trial of Primarily Omicron-infected Adults without Diabetes or Prediabetes: a New-User, Active-Comparator Analysis Using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Electronic Health Record Database. This research was supported in part by the Intramural/Extramural research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Science, NIH Carolyn Bramante; Til Sturmer; Jared Huling; John Buse; Steve Johnson; Christopher Lindsell; Thomas Stewart; David Sahner; Sarah Dunsmore; Eric Topol Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2025;12(Supplement_1). | Metformin | Retrospective Cohort | 9,660 | Long COVID or Death (composite) by Day 180 | Favors treatment | United States |
Does monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19 impact short and long-term outcomes in a large generalisable population? A retrospective cohort study in the USA Daniel Griffin; Chace McNeil; James Okusa; Diana Berrent; Yinglong Guo; Sarah E. Daugherty BMJ Open 2023;13(8). | Monoclonal antibody therapy (bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab/etesevimab, casirivimab/imdevimab) | Retrospective Cohort | 7,596 | 30-day hospitalization | Favors treatment | United States |
Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir reduces COVID-19 hospitalization and prevents long COVID in adult outpatients Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Hawra Ali Hussain Alsayed; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Ali Al Sayed Hussain; Saleh Al-Muhsen; Rabih Halwani Scientific Reports 2024;14(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 7,290 | COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days | Favors treatment | United Arab Emirates |
Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Anti-Hyperglycemic Medications Oluwasolape Olawore; Lindsey Turner; Michael Evans; Steven Johnson; Jared Huling; Carolyn Bramante; John Buse; Til Stürmer Clinical Epidemiology 2024;Volume 16:379-393. | Metformin | Retrospective Cohort | 7,047 | PASC incidence at 3 months (ICD-10 U09.9 definition) — weighted analysis | No significant difference | United States |
Symptom evolution in individuals with ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination versus influenza vaccination Khaled Rjoob; Michela Antonelli; Benjamin Murray; Erika Molteni; Nathan Cheetham; Liane S. Canas; Marc Modat; Joan Capdevila Pujol; Christina Hu; Vicky Bowyer; Jonathan Wolf; Tim D. Spector; Sébastien Ourselin; Alexander Hammers; Emma L. Duncan; Claire J. Steves; Carole H. Sudre Journal of Infection 2025;90(2). | COVID-19 Vaccination | Prospective Cohort | 5,044 | Fatigue symptom burden change (SARS-CoV-2 vaccination analysis) | Favors treatment | United Kingdom |
Association of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment with Long COVID Symptoms in an Online Cohort of Non-Hospitalized Individuals Experiencing Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Omicron Era Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue medRxiv 2023. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Prospective Cohort | 4,684 | Presence of ≥1 Long COVID symptom >90 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 test | No significant difference | United States |
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use reduces risk for long COVID in patients with immunodeficiency Karen M. Gilbert; Mostafa Aglan; Aditi Jogdand; Neha V. Khairnar; Henry Ssemaganda; Mei-Sing Ong; Jocelyn R. Farmer Journal of Human Immunity 2026;2(1):e20250107. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 2,740 | Long COVID diagnosis | Favors treatment | United States |
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and the risk of post-COVID condition over 180 days in Malaysia Ee Vien Low; Mohan Dass Pathmanathan; Yi Yang Ten; Suresh Kumar Chidambaram; Wee Ric Kim; Wei Jia Lee; Zhi Wei Teh; Maheshwara Rao Appannan; Mastura Ismail; Azah Abdul Samad; Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy BMC Infectious Diseases 2024;24(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 2,524 | Post-COVID condition (PCC) at 3 months | No significant difference | Malaysia |
Treatment of COVID-19 during the Acute Phase in Hospitalized Patients Decreases Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Diana Badenes Bonet; Oswaldo Antonio Caguana Vélez; Xavier Duran Jordà; Merce Comas Serrano; Margarita Posso Rivera; Mireia Admetlló; Anna Herranz Blasco; Elisa Cuadrado Godia; Ester Marco Navarro; Gemma Martin Ezquerra; Zenaida Pineiro Aguin; Maria Cinta Cumpli Gargallo; Jose Gregorio Gonzalez Garcia; Eva Balcells Vilarnau; Diego Rodriguez Chiaradia; Xavier Castells; Joaquim Gea; Juan P. Horcajada; Judit Villar-García Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023;12(12):4158. | Remdesivir, Dexamethasone | Prospective Cohort | 1,966 | Median duration of PASC symptoms - Remdesivir vs No Remdesivir (Moderate disease) | Favors treatment | Spain |
Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial Dhammika Leshan Wannigama; Cameron Hurst; Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen; Parichart Hongsing; Natchalaikorn Sirichumroonwit; Kanokpoj Chanpiwat; Ali Hosseini Rad S.M.; Robin James Storer; Puey Ounjai; Phitsanuruk Kanthawee; Natharin Ngamwongsatit; Rosalyn Kupwiwat; Chaisit Kupwiwat; James Michael Brimson; Naveen Kumar Devanga Ragupathi; Somrat Charuluxananan; Asada Leelahavanichkul; Talerngsak Kanjanabuch; Paul G. Higgins; Vishnu Nayak Badavath; Mohan Amarasiri; Valerie Verhasselt; Anthony Kicic; Tanittha Chatsuwan; Kashif Pirzada; Farid Jalali; Angela M. Reiersen; Shuichi Abe; Hitoshi Ishikawa; Chanikan Tanasatitchai; Supamat Amphol; Ladda Nantawong; Prangrawee Sangchan; Varissara Sinkajarern; Thutpharritchn Phoonakh; Phornnapat Utenpattanun; Aye Mya Sithu Shein; Timporn Vitoonpong; Nichapha Chongthavonsatit; Yahya Mankong; Piyapong Chaichana; Jenjira Yaithet; Dumrongsak Pongprajak; Sukjai Traimuangpak; Gasit Saksirisampant; Phimonsiri Lamloeskittinon; Adam Adam Hamdy; Sinthu Sinthu Kosasih; Sirirat Sirirat Luk-in eClinicalMedicine 2024;70. | Fluvoxamine + Bromhexine, Fluvoxamine + Cyproheptadine, Niclosamide + Bromhexine | RCT | 1,900 | Clinical deterioration on 6-point ordinal scale - Day 9 | Favors treatment | Thailand |
A Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Reducing Rates of Healthcare Visits and Long COVID Ganmaa Davaasambuu; JoAnn Manson Current Developments in Nutrition 2024;8. | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | RCT | 1,747 | Healthcare utilization (HCU) or death within 4 weeks | No significant difference | United States, Mongolia |
Early antithrombotic post-discharge therapy using prophylactic DOAC or dipyridamole improves long-term survival and cardiovascular outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors Lukas J. Motloch; Peter Jirak; Moritz Mirna; Lukas Fiedler; Paruir A. Davtyan; Irina A. Lakman; Diana F. Gareeva; Anton V. Tyurin; Ruslan M. Gumerov; Simon T. Matskeplishvili; Valentin N. Pavlov; Benzhi Cai; Kristen Kopp; Albert Topf; Uta C. Hoppe; Rudin Pistulli; Naufal S. Zagidullin Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2022;9:916156. | Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) | Retrospective Cohort | 1,746 | All-cause mortality at end of follow-up (~393 days) | Favors treatment | Russia |
Short- and long-term comparative effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir in asthma patients: a cohort study Guozhang Lin; Yuchen Wei; Zihao Guo; Huwen Wang; Kate Ching Ching Chan; Renee Wan Yi Chan; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong Respiratory Research 2025;26(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 1,745 | Acute inpatient death (Day 0-30) | Favors treatment | Hong Kong |
Association of nirmatrelvir for acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with subsequent Long COVID symptoms in an observational cohort study Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue Journal of Medical Virology 2024;96(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Prospective Cohort | 1,611 | Prevalence of ≥1 patient-reported Long COVID symptom >90 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection | No significant difference | United States |
Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial Carolyn T. Bramante; John B. Buse; David M. Liebovitz; Jacinda M. Nicklas; Michael A. Puskarich; Ken Cohen; Hrishikesh K. Belani; Blake J. Anderson; Jared D. Huling; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Jennifer L. Thompson; Matthew Pullen; Esteban Lemus Wirtz; Lianne K. Siegel; Jennifer L. Proper; David J. Odde; Nichole R. Klatt; Nancy E. Sherwood; Sarah M. Lindberg; Amy B. Karger; Kenneth B. Beckman; Spencer M. Erickson; Sarah L. Fenno; Katrina M. Hartman; Michael R. Rose; Tanvi Mehta; Barkha Patel; Gwendolyn Griffiths; Neeta S. Bhat; Thomas A. Murray; David R. Boulware; Blake Anderson; Riannon C. Atwater; Nandini Avula; Kenny B. Beckman; Hrishikesh K. Belani; David R. Boulware; Carolyn T. Bramante; Jannis Brea; Courtney A. Broedlow; John B. Buse; Paula Campora; Anup Challa; Jill Charles; Grace Christensen; Theresa Christiansen; Ken Cohen; Bo Connelly; Srijani Datta; Nikita Deng; Alex T. Dunn; Spencer M. Erickson; Faith M. Fairbairn; Sarah L. Fenno; Daniel J. Fraser; Regina D. Fricton; Gwen Griffiths; Aubrey A. Hagen; Katrina M. Hartman; Audrey F. Hendrickson; Jared D. Huling; Nicholas E. Ingraham; Arthur C. Jeng; Darrell M. Johnson; Amy B. Karger; Nichole R. Klatt; Erik A. Kuehl; Derek D. LaBar; Samuel Lee; David M. Liebovitz; Sarah Lindberg; Darlette G. Luke; Rosario Machicado; Zeinab Mohamud; Thomas A. Murray; Rumbidzai Ngonyama; Jacinda M. Nicklas; David J. Odde; Elliott Parrens; Daniela Parra; Barkha Patel; Jennifer L. Proper; Matthew F. Pullen; Michael A. Puskarich; Via Rao; Neha V. Reddy; Naveen Reddy; Katelyn J. Rypka; Hanna G. Saveraid; Paula Seloadji; Arman Shahriar; Nancy Sherwood; Jamie L. Siegart; Lianne K. Siegel; Lucas Simmons; Isabella Sinelli; Palak Singh; Andrew Snyder; Maxwell T. Stauffer; Jennifer Thompson; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Tannon L. Tople; Walker J. Tordsen; Ray HB Watson; Beiqing Wu; Adnin Zaman; Madeline R. Zolik; Lena Zinkl The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2023;23(10). | Metformin, Ivermectin, Fluvoxamine | Factorial | 1,431 | Severe COVID-19 by day 14 (primary outcome, previously published) | Favors treatment | United States |
Outpatient treatment of Covid-19 with metformin, ivermectin, and fluvoxamine and the development of Long Covid over 10-month follow-up Carolyn T. Bramante; John B. Buse; David Liebovitz; Jacinda Nicklas; Michael A. Puskarich; Ken Cohen; Hrishikesh Belani; Blake Anderson; Jared D. Huling; Christopher Tignanelli; Jennifer Thompson; Matthew Pullen; Lianne Siegel; Jennifer Proper; David J. Odde; Nichole Klatt; Nancy Sherwood; Sarah Lindberg; Esteban Lemus Wirtz; Amy Karger; Kenny Beckman; Spencer Erickson; Sarah Fenno; Katrina Hartman; Michael Rose; Barkha Patel; Gwendolyn Griffiths; Neeta Bhat; Thomas A. Murray; David R. Boulware medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2022. | Metformin, Ivermectin, Fluvoxamine | Factorial | 1,323 | Medical provider diagnosis of Long Covid by day 300 after randomization (metformin vs control) | Favors treatment | United States |
Calcium channel blockers may reduce the development of long COVID in females Takuya Ozawa; Ryusei Kimura; Hideki Terai; Ryo Takemura; Ho Namkoong; Masahiro Kondo; Keitaro Fukuda; Kazuma Yagi; Takanori Asakura; Katsunori Masaki; Shotaro Chubachi; Jun Miyata; Keiko Ohgino; Ichiro Kawada; Junko Kagyo; Toshio Odani; Naota Kuwahara; Ichiro Nakachi; Makoto Ishii; Yasunori Sato; Koichi Fukunaga Hypertension Research 2024;47(4). | Calcium Channel Blockers | Prospective Cohort | 981 | Any long COVID symptom (overall) | Favors treatment | Japan |
Early Treatment, Inflammation and Post-COVID Conditions Kelly A. Gebo; Sonya L. Heath; Yuriko Fukuta; Xianming Zhu; Sheriza Baksh; Alison G. Abraham; Feben Habtehyimer; David Shade; Jessica Ruff; Malathi Ram; Oliver Laeyendecker; Reinaldo E. Fernandez; Eshan U. Patel; Owen R. Baker; Shmuel Shoham; Edward R. Cachay; Judith S. Currier; Jonathan M. Gerber; Barry Meisenberg; Donald N. Forthal; Laura L. Hammitt; Moises A. Huaman; Adam Levine; Giselle S. Mosnaim; Bela Patel; James H. Paxton; Jay S. Raval; Catherine G. Sutcliffe; Shweta Anjan; Thomas Gniadek; Seble Kassaye; Janis E. Blair; Karen Lane; Nichol A. McBee; Amy L. Gawad; Piyali Das; Sabra L. Klein; Andrew Pekosz; Arturo Casadevall; Evan M. Bloch; Daniel Hanley; Aaron A.R. Tobian; David J. Sullivan medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2023. | COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma | RCT | 882 | Post-COVID Conditions (PCC) at day 90 | No significant difference | United States |
Post-acute COVID-19 outcomes including participant-reported long COVID: amubarvimab/romlusevimab versus placebo in the ACTIV-2 trial Teresa H. Evering; Carlee Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Justin Ritz; David A. Wohl; Jonathan Z. Li; David Margolis; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Eric S. Daar; Davey M. Smith; Michael D. Hughes; Kara W. Chew; Kara Chew; David (Davey) Smith; Eric Daar; David Wohl; Judith Currier; Joseph Eron; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Michael Hughes; Carlee Moser; Mark Giganti; Justin Ritz; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Kelly Colsh; Irene Rwakazina; Justine Beck; Scott Sieg; Jonathan Li; Courtney Fletcher; William Fischer; Teresa H. Evering; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sandra Cardoso; Katya Corado; Prasanna Jagannathan; Nikolaus Jilg; Alan Perelson; Sandy Pillay; Cynthia Riviere; Upinder Singh; Babafemi Taiwo; Joan Gottesman; Matthew Newell; Susan Pedersen; Joan Dragavon; Cheryl Jennings; Brian Greenfelder; William Murtaugh; Jan Kosmyna; Morgan Gapara; Akbar Shahkolahi; David Margolis; Verónica Lacal; Diego Salusso; Sebastian Nuñez; Marcelo Rodrigo Rodriguez; Luciana Laborde; Marcelo Papasidero; Luis Wehbe; Mariana Gonzalez; Felicitas Fernandez Voena; Tomas Alvarez; Amaru Lopez; Virginia Huhn; Ulises D'Andrea Nores; Pablo Dieser; Fernando Bordese; Marisa Mussi; Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana; Adriana Aparecida Tiraboschi Bárbaro; Breno Santos; Rita de Cássia Alves Lira; Andre Luiz Machado da Silva; Sandra Wagner Cardoso; Maria Pia Diniz Ribeiro; Nathália Soliva; Eduardo Vasconcellos; Jorge Eurico Ribeiro; Miriam Amaral Enéas; Jorge Pinto; Julia Fonseca de Morais Caporali; Flávia Gomes Faleiro Ferreira; Norma Erendira Rivera Martinez; Victor Casildo Bohorquez Lopez; Melchor Victor Frias; Krystle Fetalvero; Alyxzza Maranan; Jennifer Rosa; Thomas Coetzer; Maureen Mohata; Umesh Lalloo; Sandy Pillay; Penelope Madlala; Larisha Pillay-Ramaya; Jaclyn Ann Bennet; Noluthando Mwelase; Nokuphiwa Mbhele; Frederick Petrick; Leonard Joubert; Rose Mbali; Natasha Joseph; Mmatsie Manentsa; Eugene van der Walt; Mduduzi Sandile Lawrance Masilela; Zinhle Zwane; Tendai Chiperera; Lerato Mohapi; Suri Moonsamy; Usha Singh; Kirsten McHarry; Elizma Snyman; Pieter Lennox; James Craig Innes; Oteng Letlape; Olebogeng Jonkane; William Brumskine; Tania Adonis; Ni Ni Sein; Modulakgotla Sebe; Yacoob Vahed; Nazreen Jeewa Hussen; Ismail Mitha; Vasundhara Cheekati; Purna Cheekati; Christie Lummus; Samuel Idarraga; Andrew Kim; David N. Pham; Wei-Hsin Kao; Michael M. Pfeffer; Miriam Batule Dominguez; Anju Malik; Anna Bryan; Melanie Arnold; Idania Fernandez; Cinzia Karpf; Aniuska Ruiz; David Taylor; Eric Folkens; Jennifer Manne; Sigal Yawetz; Cheryl Keenan; Emeka Eziri; Carl Fichtenbaum; Jenifer Baer; Sarah Trentman; Robert Call; Leroy Vaughan; Aaron Milstone; Jamie Alex Slandzicki; Jessica Wallan; Clinton Guillory; Nancy Andrews; Leslie Hughes; Teresa H. Evering; Jonathan Berardi; Celine Arar; Randall Quinn; Jorge P. Amaya; Marissa Gomez-Martinez; Luis Cantu; Monica Betancourt-Garcia; Nwora Lance Okeke; Charles M. Burns; Fadi Haddad; Victoria Haddad; Augusto Focil; Griselda Rosas; Susana Moyano; Yaneicy Gonzalez Rojas; Ahmad Aswad; Yevgeniy Bukhman; Manish Jain; Eugene Bukhman; Humam Farah; Rebekah McClain; Eric Daar; Sadia Shaik; Timothy Hatlen; Deepa Gotur; Joseph Surber; Jeffrey Kingsley; April Pixler; Alex Zopo; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Ramon Leon; Boris Nikolov; Fernando Gonzalez Vergara; Ana I. Gonzalez; Noemi Gonzalez; Michael Gelman; Olga Andriunas; Zarema Jagizarov; Jan Westerman; David Davis; Donna Sherer; Kelly Dooley; Becky Becker; Adaliah Wilkins; Jose Pérez; Eloy Roman; Heriberto Fernández; Bharat Mocherla; Kelly Beck; Valarie Maldonado; Jennifer Veltman; Rajesh Gandhi; Katrina Shea; Matthew Planchon; Laura Bogan Herpel; Kaushlendra K. Tripathi; Donald C. Day; John Pullman; Erin Williams-Leber; Misty Johnson; Michelle Hecker; Ann Avery; Keila Hoover; George W. Monlux; Elizabeth Juneja; Arthur Wernick; Karelia Ruiz; Maureen Hernández; Yadilys Pérez; Babafemi O. Taiwo; Claudia Hawkins; Baiba Berzins; Carlos Malvestutto; Heather Harber; Robyn Cicarella; Edwin DeJesus; Charlotte-Paige Rolle; Almena L. Free; Sallie D. Pulliam; Debra Weinstein; Rosa M. Suarez; Ezequiel Socorro; Estefania Socorro; Gene Neytman; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Raymond Easley; Mariam Aziz; Joan Swiatek; Avish Nagpal; Breanna Kompelien; Kathryn McEvoy; Susan E. Hoover; Allison Lutz; Jessica Just; Manuel Hernandez; Yanly B. Victoria; Gabriel Rodriguez; Upinder Singh; Prasanna Jagannathan; Divya Pathak; Joshua J. Ordway; Megan Heffner; Patrick Weston; Khalilah Weston; Madhu Choudhary; Jennifer Sullivano; Olayemi Osiyemi; Myriam Izquierdo; Odelsey Torna; Brian Clemency; Renoj Varughese; Joshua Lynch; Kara Chew; Aleen Khodabakhshian; Samantha Fortier; Christopher Coyne; Alexandrea Cronin; Constance Benson; Steven Hendrickx; Rosemarie Ramirez; Anne Luetkemeyer; Suzanne Hendler; Dennis Dentoni-Lasofsky; Mobeen Rathore; Saniyyah Mahmoudi; Amna Riaz; Mario Castro; Leslie Spikes; Chase Hall; David Wohl; Jonathan Oakes; Amy James Loftis; Pablo Tebas; William Short; Michael P. Dube; Saahir Khan; Luis M. Mendez; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sarah McGuffin; Chris Jonsson; Mamta K. Jain; Smruthi Senthil; Kimberly Turner-Gray; Sanjay Mehta; David (Davey) Smith; Mary Lewinski; Masoud Azizad; Christopher Chow; Lisa Nakatani; Derrick Williamson; Hisham Atriss; Matthew Caloura; Midhun Malla; Hannah Hazard-Jenkins; Aimee Wilkin; Jamraus Fayssoux; Hannah Seagle; Rachel Presti; Alem Haile eClinicalMedicine 2024;75. | Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab | RCT | 847 | Composite of Long COVID at week 36 or hospitalization or death by week 36 | Favors treatment | United States, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa |
Long-COVID: Impfung und frühe antivirale Therapie senken das Risiko Stefan Krüger Kompass Pneumologie 2023;11(2). | Monoclonal antibodies or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 | Case Control | 737 | Occurrence of long COVID | Favors treatment | Italy |
Post-COVID depression and its multiple factors, does Favipiravir have a protective effect? A longitudinal study of indonesia COVID-19 patients Bumi Herman; Andrea Bruni; Ekachaeryanti Zain; Azhar Dzulhadj; Aye Chan Oo PLOS ONE 2022;17(12):e0279184. | Favipiravir | Quasi-Experimental | 712 | Post-COVID depression within 60 days of onset/diagnosis (PHQ-9 score >4) | No significant difference | Indonesia |
The impact of early therapies for COVID-19 on death, hospitalization and persisting symptoms: a retrospective study Paola Bertuccio; Melania Degli Antoni; Davide Minisci; Silvia Amadasi; Francesco Castelli; Anna Odone; Eugenia Quiros-Roldan Infection 2023;51(6). | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, molnupiravir, or short-course remdesivir | Retrospective Cohort | 649 | Death or hospitalization due to COVID-19 at 1 or 3 months | No significant difference | Italy |
Paxlovid reduces the risk of Long COVID in patients six months after hospital discharge Yu Wang; Danyang Zhao; Wenying Xiao; Jun Shi; Wei Chen; Qin Jia; Ying Zhou; Rongyu Wang; Xubo Chen; Liuliu Feng Journal of Medical Virology 2023;95(8). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Prospective Cohort | 647 | Long COVID (any sequela at 6 months post-discharge) | Favors treatment | China |
Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety After COVID‐19 Despite Systematic Telemedical Care: Results From the Prospective COVID‐SMART Study Aenne S. von Falkenhausen; Antonia Gail; Scott Geipel; Clemens Scherer; Sven Stockhausen; Lauren E. Sams; Finn Becker; Steffen Massberg; Stefan Kääb; Moritz F. Sinner Depression and Anxiety 2025;2025(1). | Smartwatch-based monitoring with telemedical support | RCT | 607 | Risk of depression at 12 months (screening positive) | No significant difference | Germany |
Cytokine Blockade Attenuates Inflammation and Improves Depressive Psychopathology After COVID-19: A Naturalistic Observational Study Mariagrazia Palladini; Alessia A. Azzalin; Margherita Bessi; Rebecca De Lorenzo; Patrizia Rovere-Querini; Francesco Benedetti; Mario Gennaro Mazza Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 2025;20(1). | Cytokine-Blocking Agents | Retrospective Cohort | 588 | Depressive symptom severity (ZSDS index score) — whole cohort, primary analysis | Favors treatment | Italy |
The Effects of Statins on Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Multicenter Study Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust; Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi; Tania Dehesh; Nima Taefehshokr; Adel Sadeghdoust; Katarzyna Kotfis; Amirhossein Hashemiattar; Amir Ravandi; Neda Aligolighasemabadi; Omid Vakili; Beniamin Grabarek; Rafał Staszkiewicz; Marek J. Łos; Pooneh Mokarram; Saeid Ghavami Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 2023;71(1). | Statins | Prospective Cohort | 518 | Presence of cough during follow-up | Mixed | Iran |
Acute COVID-19 treatment is not associated with health problems 2 years after hospitalization Berentschot JC; Martine Bek L.; Heijenbrok-Kal MH; van den Berg-Emons RJG; Ribbers GM; Aerts JGJV; Hellemons ME International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2024;142. | Tocilizumab or anakinra, Remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, or convalescent plasma | Prospective Cohort | 502 | Self-reported recovery (completely recovered) | No significant difference | Netherlands |
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and risk of long COVID symptoms: a retrospective cohort study Seth Congdon; Zev Narrowe; Nang Yone; Jacob Gunn; Yuting Deng; Priya Nori; Kelsie Cowman; Marjan Islam; Sharon Rikin; Joanna Starrels Scientific Reports 2023;13(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 500 | Presence of one or more long COVID symptoms (primary outcome) | No significant difference | United States |
Long-term course of ambulatory patients with COVID-19 initially treated with enoxaparin vs no anticoagulation: final analysis of the OVID (enoxaparin for outpatients with COVID-19) randomized trial Riccardo M. Fumagalli; Davide Voci; Behnood Bikdeli; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Gabor Forgo; Teresa Gerardi; Bernhard Gerber; Alexandru Grigorean; Frederikus A. Klok; Marc Righini; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Stefan Stortecky; Silvia Ulrich; Simon Wolf; Dörte Wyss; Lukas Hobohm; Nils Kucher; Stefano Barco; Stefano Barco; Davide Voci; Ulrike Held; Tim Sebastian; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Daniel Duerschmied; André Frenk; Bernhard Gerber; Andrea Götschi; Stavros V. Konstantinides; François Mach; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Thomas Rosemann; Noemi R. Simon; Hervé Spechbach; David Spirk; Stefan Stortecky; Lukas Vaisnora; Marc Righini; Nils Kucher; Stéphanie Roth Zetzsche; Rebecca Spescha; Claudia Leeger; Yulia Butscheid; Eliane Probst; Evy Micieli; Gabor Forgo; Fabian Johner; Alexandru Grigorean; Georgios Vatsakis; Dagmar Keller Lang; Silvana Rampini Speck; Barbara Hasse; Marco Rueegg; Isabelle Arnold; Christian Nickel; Jeannette Busch; Marc Blondon; Frédéric Glauser; Micol G. Cittone; Chiara Kessler; Diona Gjermeni; Christoph B. Olivier; Nadine Gauchel; Paul Biever; Lukas Hobohm; Dorothea Becker; Marc Schindewolf; Arnaud Kuenzi; Silvia Ulrich Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2024;8(5). | Enoxaparin | RCT | 475 | All-cause hospitalization and death within 24 months | No significant difference | Switzerland, Germany |
Intravenous Administration of Remdesivir at the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Pain César Fernández-de-las-Peñas; Anabel Franco-Moreno; María Ruiz-Ruigómez; Estibaliz Arrieta-Ortubay; Pablo Ryan-Murua; Carlos Lumbreras-Bermejo; Pablo del-Valle-Loarte; Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero; Juan Torres-Macho; Rocco Giordano; Lars Arendt-Nielsen Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(9):3156. | Remdesivir | Prospective Cohort | 432 | Overall post-COVID-19 pain (any location, persisting ≥3 months) | Favors treatment | Spain |
COVID-19 monoclonal antibody treatment impact on symptoms and post-COVID conditions among high-risk patients at a Federally Qualified Health Center Natalie L. Vawter; Job G. Godino; Sydney V. Lewis; Adam W. Northrup; Jane C. Samaniego; Jacqueline Y. Poblete; Jesus A. Guereca; Sydney P. Sharp; Eva Matthews; Noe C. Crespo; Pauline G. Lucatero; Monica M. Vidaurrazaga; Christian B. Ramers BMC Infectious Diseases 2023;23(1). | COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion | Prospective Cohort | 411 | Post-COVID Conditions prevalence (Definition 1: ≥1 symptom at D28+) | No significant difference | United States |
P-2044. Analysis of Post COVID-19 Condition After Ensitrelvir Treatment in Asymptomatic or Mild-Symptoms Only Patients in the SCORPIO Phase2b/3 Study Takumi Imamura; Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi; Norio Ohmagari; Yohei Doi; Yohei Doi; Masaya Yamato; Hiroki Sakaguchi; Hideki Yamanaka; Ryosuke Imaoka; Akimasa Fukushi; Genki Ichihashi; Yuko Tsuge; Takeki Uehara; Hiroshi Mukae Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2025;12(Supplement_1). | Ensitrelvir | RCT | 384 | Proportion of patients with Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) for any of 27 prespecified symptoms | No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered) | Japan |
The effect and safety of small-molecule antiviral drugs on long prognosis of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world study in China Yilin Xu; Ming Lu; Yawei Li; Xiaoling Den; Dechang Peng; Fuqing Zhou; Anqi Li; Tieying Hou; Tianxin Xiang Frontiers in Microbiology 2026;16:1733465. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) | Retrospective Cohort | 372 | One-year hospital readmission rate | Favors treatment | China |
Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms are Fewer, Less Intense Over Time in People Treated with Mono-Clonal Antibodies for Acute Infection Jillian Kallman Price; Lynn H. Gerber; Maria Stepanova; Leyla de Avila; Ali A. Weinstein; Huong Pham; Fatema Nader; Mariam Afendy; Kathy Terra; Patrick Austin; Wisna’odom Keo; Andrei Racila; James Michael Estep; Suzannah Gerber; Manisha Verma; Pegah Golabi; Brian P. Lam; Zobair Younossi International Journal of General Medicine 2023;Volume 16:1479-1490. | Bamlanivimab or Casirivimab/Imdevimab | Prospective Cohort | 323 | Number of PASC Symptoms (patient-reported) | Favors treatment | United States |
No Impact of Corticosteroid Use During the Acute Phase on Persistent Symptoms Post-COVID-19 Adrien Chan Sui Ko; Alexandre Candellier; Marie Mercier; Cedric Joseph; Hortense Carette; Damien Basille; Sylvie Lion-Daolio; Stephanie Devaux; Jean-Luc Schmit; Jean-Philippe Lanoix; Claire Andrejak International Journal of General Medicine 2022;Volume 15:6645-6651. | Dexamethasone | Prospective Cohort | 306 | Presence of at least one persistent symptom at 4 months | No significant difference | France |
Corticosteroids and long-term pulmonary function after critical illness due to COVID-19– a single-center cohort study Mari Roël; Anna Schandl; Sandra Jonmarker; Anders Hedman; Gisela Vogel; Eva Joelsson-Alm; Maria Cronhjort; Pernilla Darlington BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2025;25(1). | Dexamethasone | Prospective Cohort | 286 | Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % of predicted | Favors control | Sweden |
COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Therapy: Long-term Implications Hyunah Yoon; Yi Li; Keith S. Goldfeld; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Julie V. Philley; Mahalia S. Desruisseaux; Marla J. Keller; Judith S. Hochman; Liise-anne Pirofski; Mila B. Ortigoza; Judith S. Hochman; Bruce N. Cronstein; Deborah Keeling; Norka Rappoport; Jenna Saraga; James Holahan; Mila B. Ortigoza; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Gia F. Cobb; Rakshit Andela; Yousef Darwish; Monica R. Taveras; Patrick S. Xin; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Keith S. Goldfeld; Yi Li; Mila B. Ortigoza; Mary L. O'Keeffe; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Fatema Z. Rahman; Adeyinka O. Ajayi; Sara L. Rodriguez; Eduardo Iturrate; Jacqueline M. Gallagher; Ololade E. Thomas; Danibel Ramos; Charlotte C. Fong; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Marla J. Keller; Andrea A. Asencio; Isaiah Eke; James Castro; Jidong Shan; Alex Chalco; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Mahalia Desruisseaux; Grace M. Cortezzo; Erica Rocco; Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge; Catherine Parmelee; Gina Solomon; Staci Cahil; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Chin Chin Lee; Daru L. Ransford; Deniz Dasmany; Andres Corona; Kenia Moreno; Gledys L. Martinez; Christopher Otero; David D. McPherson; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Bela Patel; Masayuki Nigo; Ryan M. Huebinger; Goutham Dronavalli; Carolyn Z. Grimes; Virginia E. Umana; Maria D. Hernandez; Laura E. Nielsen; Taylor P. Stutz; Mehriban Mammadova; Andrew N. Dentino; Timothy R. Heath; Jessica G. Martin; Fatimah O. Bello; Erik Hinojosa; Julie V. Philley; Megan S. Devine; Rebekah L. Hibbard; Anne M. Ford Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2024;11(1). | COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma | Prospective Cohort | 281 | General symptoms (fever or fatigue) at 18 months | No significant difference | United States |
Preventive Intake of a Multiple Micronutrient Supplement during Mild, Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Reduce the Post-Acute COVID-19 Condition: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Teresa Maria Tomasa-Irriguible; Ramon Monfà; Cristina Miranda-Jiménez; Rosa Morros; Neus Robert; Luisa Bordejé-Laguna; Sandra Vidal; Pere Torán-Monserrat; Ana Maria Barriocanal Nutrients 2024;16(11):1631. | Multiple micronutrient supplement | RCT | 267 | Incidence of Post-Acute COVID-19 Condition (PCC) at 6 months | No significant difference | Spain |
Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: A cohort study with 4 months median follow-up Imad M. Tleyjeh; Basema Saddik; Nourah AlSwaidan; Ahmed AlAnazi; Rakhee K. Ramakrishnan; Deema Alhazmi; Ahmad Aloufi; Fahad AlSumait; Elie Berbari; Rabih Halwani PLOS ONE 2021;16(12). | Lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin + interferon beta-1b | Prospective Cohort | 222 | New or persistent symptoms at follow-up | Favors treatment | Saudi Arabia |
A retrospective cohort study on early antibiotic use in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID‐19 patients Carlo Brogna; Luigi Montano; Maria Elisabetta Zanolin; Domenico Rocco Bisaccia; Gianluca Ciammetti; Valentina Viduto; Mark Fabrowski; Abdul M. Baig; Joachim Gerlach; Iapicca Gennaro; Elio Bignardi; Barbara Brogna; Aquilino Frongillo; Simone Cristoni; Marina Piscopo Journal of Medical Virology 2024;96(3). | Early Antibiotic Therapy | Retrospective Cohort | 211 | Duration of COVID-19 illness (time to clinical recovery) | Favors treatment | Italy |
The Healing Power Of Dietary Supplements To Prevent Long-Term Covid-19; A Prospective Observation Study Hadi Mohammad; Tariq Sadeq; Media Ismail; Swar O. Ahmed; Zana Ameen Polytechnic Journal 2024;14(1). | Multi-component dietary supplement protocol (probiotics, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, quercetin) plus low-carbohydrate diet | Prospective Cohort | 183 | COVID symptom score (overall) | No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered) | Iraq, United Kingdom, multiple countries |
Short- and long-term effects of imatinib in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 infection: A randomised controlled trial Alex L. E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M. J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Solidarity Finland Investigators; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E. J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. O. Tikkinen medRxiv 2024. | Imatinib | RCT | 156 | All-cause mortality at 30 days | No significant difference | Finland |
Short- and long-term effects of imatinib in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized trial Alex L.E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P.O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M.J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Tero Ala-Kokko; Maarit Gockel; Susanna Haapanen; Mia Haukipää; Sanna Lehtonen; Eeva-Maija Nieminen; Joni Niskanen; Jarmo Oksi; Ulla Otava; Taija Rutanen; Petri Salmela; Joni Savolainen; Susanna Tuominen; Henri Vartiainen; Heli Ylä-Outinen; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit K. Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E.J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A.O. Tikkinen Journal of Infection 2024;89(3). | Imatinib | RCT | 156 | All-cause mortality at 30 days | No significant difference | Finland |
Effects of antivirals on patients with COVID-19 breakthrough Hong Tham Pham; Tuong-Anh Mai-Phan; Kim-Huong Truong-Nguyen; Minh-Hoang Tran BMC Infectious Diseases 2024;24(1). | Antiviral (Molnupiravir, Remdesivir, or Favipiravir) + Standard of Care | Retrospective Cohort | 142 | Residual respiratory symptoms lasting >7 days | No significant difference | Vietnam |
The effect of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and anticoagulants on the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome in COVID-19 hospitalized patients 6 months after discharge: a retrospective follow up study John Davelaar; Naomi Jessurun; Gerko Schaap; Christina Bode; Harald Vonkeman Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2023;23(8). | Corticosteroids, Antibiotics, Anticoagulants | Retrospective Cohort | 123 | Post-COVID-19 syndrome at 6 months post-discharge | Favors treatment | Netherlands |
Long-term outcome of COVID-19 patients treated with helmet noninvasive ventilation vs. high-flow nasal oxygen: a randomized trial Teresa Michi; Chiara Mattana; Luca S. Menga; Maria Grazia Bocci; Melania Cesarano; Tommaso Rosà; Maria Rosaria Gualano; Jonathan Montomoli; Savino Spadaro; Matteo Tosato; Elisabetta Rota; Francesco Landi; Salvatore L. Cutuli; Eloisa S. Tanzarella; Gabriele Pintaudi; Edoardo Piervincenzi; Giuseppe Bello; Tommaso Tonetti; Paola Rucci; Gennaro De Pascale; Salvatore M. Maggiore; Domenico Luca Grieco; Giorgio Conti; Massimo Antonelli; Riccardo Maviglia; Giovanna Mercurio; Paolo De Santis; Mariano Alberto Pennisi; Gian Marco Anzellotti; Flavia Torrini; Carlotta Rubino; Tony C. Morena; Veronica Gennenzi; Stefania Postorino; Joel Vargas; Nicoletta Filetici; Donatella Settanni; Miriana Durante; Laura Cascarano; Mariangela Di Muro; Roberta Scarascia; Maria Maddalena Bitondo; Martina Murdolo; Alessandro Mele; Serena Silva; Carmelina Zaccone; Francesca Pozzana; Alessio Maccaglia; Martina Savino; Antonella Potalivo; Francesca Ceccaroni; Angela Scavone; Gianmarco Lombardi; Giuseppe Bello; Luca Montini; Antonio Maria Dell’Anna; Carlo Alberto Volta; Vito M. Ranieri; Giulia Falò; Simone Carelli; Daniele Natalini; Cecilia Berardi; Luca Delle Cese; Luigi Vetrugno; Eleonora Balzani Journal of Intensive Care 2023;11(1). | Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation | RCT | 109 | Percentage of patients with any symptoms at 6-month follow-up | No significant difference | Italy |
Persistent pulmonary pathology after COVID-19 is associated with high viral load, weak antibody response, and high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 Tøri Vigeland Lerum; Niklas Nyboe Maltzahn; Pål Aukrust; Marius Trøseid; Katerina Nezvalova Henriksen; Trine Kåsine; Anne-Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Birgitte Stiksrud; Mette Haugli; Bjørn Blomberg; Bård Reiakvam Kittang; Asgeir Johannessen; Raisa Hannula; Saad Aballi; Anders Benjamin Kildal; Ragnhild Eiken; Tuva Børresdatter Dahl; Fridtjof Lund-Johansen; Fredrik Müller; Jezabel Rivero Rodriguez; Carin Meltzer; Gunnar Einvik; Thor Ueland; Inge Christoffer Olsen; Frank Olav Pettersen; Aleksander Rygh Holten; Kristian Tonby; Dag Henrik Reikvam; Kjerstin Røstad; Synne Jenum; Liv Hesstvedt; Eline Brenno Vaage; Anette Kolderup; Trung Tran; Jan Terje Andersen; Mona Holberg-Petersen; Simreen Kaur Johal; Åse Berg; Anders Tveita; Gernot Ernst; Lars Heggelund; Lars Thoresen; Karl Erik Müller; Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff; Roy Bjørkholt Olsen; Ane-Krisitne Finbråten; Hedda Hoel; Alexander Mathiessen; Leif Erik Vinge; Lena Bugge Nordberg; Ravinea Manotheepan; Grethe-Elisabeth Stenvik; Hans Schmidt Rasmussen; Ruth Foseide Thorkildsen; Pawel Mielnik; Lan Ai Kieu Le; Carl Magnus Ystrøm; Richard Alexander Molvik; Nina Vibeche Skei; Olav Dalgard; Bjørn Åsheim-Hansen; Anne Marie Halstensen; Jorunn Brynhildsen; Waleed Ghanima; Vegard Skogen; Krisine Greve Isdahl Mohn; Reidar Kvåle; Nina Langeland; Lise Tuset Gustad; Lars Mølgaard Saxhaug; Cathrine Fladeby; Susanne Dudman; Anne Steffensen; Andreas Barratt-Due; Trond Mogens Aaløkken; Ole Henning Skjønsberg Scientific Reports 2021;11(1). | Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine | RCT | 108 | CAT-score (COPD Assessment Test score) | Mixed | Norway |
Long-term cognitive performance and its relation to anti-inflammatory therapy in a cohort of survivors of severe COVID-19 Harmke B. Duindam; Roy P.C. Kessels; Bram van den Borst; Peter Pickkers; Wilson F. Abdo Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health 2022;25. | Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone + Tocilizumab | Prospective Cohort | 96 | Dichotomized cognitive impairment (impaired on 2+ tests) | No significant difference | Netherlands |
Corticosteroids for COVID‐19 symptoms and quality of life at 1 year from admission Ignacio Pérez Catalán; Celia Roig Martí; Daniela Palomo de la Sota; Alejandro Cardenal Álvarez; Maria José Esteve Gimeno; Sergio Fabra Juana; Germán Herrero Rodríguez; Elena Domínguez Bajo; Nuria Tornador Gaya; Jorge Usó Blasco; Jose Manuel Ramos Rincón Journal of Medical Virology 2022;94(1). | Systemic corticosteroids | Prospective Cohort | 76 | Number of persistent symptoms at 1 year | No significant difference | Spain |
Symptom relief and cytokine modulation by clarithromycin in mild COVID-19 pneumonia: an exploratory, multicenter, randomized-controlled open-label trial (CAME-COVID study) Kazuko Yamamoto; Naoki Iwanaga; Asuka Umemura; Toyomitsu Sawai; Makoto Sumiyoshi; Kohji Hashiguchi; Yusuke Mori; Hiroshi Ishii; Yoji Futsuki; Maiko Kiyohara; Kenji Ota; Kosuke Kosai; Daisuke Sasaki; Yuki Takamatsu; Shingo Inoue; Kouichi Morita; Shin Tsutsui; Kazuto Ashizawa; Takahiro Takazono; Noriho Sakamoto; Naoki Hosogaya; Masato Tashiro; Takeshi Tanaka; Koichi Izumikawa; Katsunori Yanagihara; Hiroshi Mukae Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 2026;13:20499361261431488. | Clarithromycin | RCT | 56 | Days to 50% reduction in total severity score (primary endpoint) | No significant difference | Japan |
P-1590. Public Health and Economic Impact of Increased Uptake of an Additional Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech KP.2-Adapted COVID-19 Vaccine, 2024-2025 Formula, Among US Adults ≥ 65 Years of Age Alon Yehoshua; Manuela Di Fusco; Abby Rudolph; Elizabeth A. Thoburn; Santiago M. C. Lopez; Ben Yarnoff Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2026;13(Supplement_1). | Pfizer-BioNTech KP.2-adapted COVID-19 vaccine | Quasi-Experimental | — | COVID-19 cases averted | No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered) | United States |
Risk of postacute sequelae of COVID-19 and oral antivirals in adults aged over 60 years: A nationwide retrospective cohort study Hyejin Joo; Eunji Kim; Kyungmin Huh; Gi Hwan Bae; Hyungmin Lee; Jungyeon Kim; Dong-Hwi Kim; Min-Gyu Yoo; Il Uk Jo; Poong Hoon Lee; Geun Woo Lee; Hee Sun Jung; Jaehun Jung International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2025;154. | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | Retrospective Cohort | — | Heart failure and cardiomyopathies (PASC) | Favors treatment | South Korea |
Clinical effectiveness of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir on the short‐ and long‐term outcome in high‐risk children with COVID‐19 Jheng‐Yan Wu; Chia‐Chen Chen; Mei‐Yuan Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Ting‐Hui Liu; Sung Pin‐Chien; Po‐Yu Huang; Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Mei‐Chuan Lee; Kuo‐Chuan Hung; Tsung Yu; Chih‐Cheng Lai Journal of Medical Virology 2024;96(5). | — | Other | — | — | Result unknown | United States |
P-1620. Potential Impact of the Next-Generation COVID-19 mRNA-1283 Vaccine on Post-acute Outcomes of COVID-19 Keya Joshi; Michele Kohli; Michael Maschio; Amy Lee; Nicolas Van de Velde; Ekkehard Beck Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2026;13(Supplement_1). | mRNA-1283 vaccine | Quasi-Experimental | — | Long COVID cases prevented | No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered) | United States |
Exposure to phenytoin associates with a lower risk of post-COVID cognitive deficits: a cohort study Maxime Taquet; Paul J. Harrison Brain Communications 2022;4(4). | Phenytoin | Retrospective Cohort | — | Post-COVID cognitive deficits (composite) — phenytoin vs. levetiracetam | Favors treatment | United States |
Efficacy of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir for post‐acute COVID‐19 sequelae beyond 3 months of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Jheng‐Yan Wu; Ting‐Hui Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Po‐Yu Huang; Chih‐Cheng Lai Journal of Medical Virology 2023;95(4). | — | Other | — | — | Result unknown | United States |
Prevalent Metformin Use in Adults With Diabetes and the Incidence of Long COVID: An EHR-Based Cohort Study From the RECOVER Program Steven G. Johnson; Sajjad Abedian; Til Stürmer; Jared D. Huling; Colby Lewis V.; John B. Buse; Shari B. Brosnahan; Praveen C. Mudumbi; Kristine M. Erlandson; Grace A. McComsey; Jonathan Arnold; Talia D. Wiggen; Rachel Wong; Shawn Murphy; Clifford Rosen; Rainu Kaushal; Mark G. Weiner; Carolyn Bramante Diabetes Care 2024;47(11):1930-1940. | Metformin | Retrospective Cohort | — | PASC (U09.9 ICD-10 code) cumulative incidence by 180 days | Favors treatment | United States |
Long COVID After Bamlanivimab Treatment Teresa H. Evering; Carlee B. Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Eunice Yeh; Busola Sanusi; David A. Wohl; Eric S. Daar; Jonathan Z. Li; Paul Klekotka; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Michael D. Hughes; Davey M. Smith; Kara W. Chew; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Robert Coombs; Alexander Greninger; Emily Degli-Angeli; Erin Goecker; Glenda Daza; Socorro Harb; Joan Dragavon; Grace Aldrovandi; William Murtaugh; Marlene Cooper; Howard Gutzman; Kevin Knowles; Rachel Bowman; Bill Erhardt; Lorraine Waring; Diane Hessinger; Stacey Adams; Asha R. Kallianpur The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2023;228(Supplement_2). | — | Unknown | — | — | Result unknown | — |
Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir in reducing the risk of short-term and long-term cardiovascular complications of COVID-19: a target trial emulation study Zihao Guo; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Katherine Min Jia; Christopher Boyer; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David SC Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong Nature Communications 2025;17(1). | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | Retrospective Cohort | — | Cardiovascular mortality (short-term, day 0-21) — nirmatrelvir/ritonavir trial | Mixed | Hong Kong |