Long Covid Prevention Trials | Bird's Eye Reviews

Reference	Intervention(s)	Design	N	Primary outcome	Result	Countries
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal European heart journal. Recorded name: European Heart Journal Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ashkan Dashtban; Mehrdad A. Mizani; Siobhán Rafferty; Laura Pasea; Christopher Tomlinson; Yuguang Mu; Nazrul Islam; Charlotte Warren‐Gash; Spiros Denaxas; Steffen E. Petersen; Cathie Sudlow; Kamlesh Khunti; Amitava Banerjee European heart journal. 2024;45(Supplement_1).	COVID-19 Vaccination, Influenza Vaccination, Anticoagulants	Retrospective Cohort	17,674,965	All-cause mortality — COVID-19 cohort	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United Kingdom
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Recorded name: Clinical Microbiology and Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Kyungmin Huh; Young-Eun Kim; Gi Hwan Bae; Jong Youn Moon; Ji-Man Kang; Jacob Lee; Jang-Whan Bae; Kyong Ran Peck; Jaehun Jung Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(5).	SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (≥2 doses of ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273), Third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose	Retrospective Cohort	7,998,854	Occurrence of ischaemic heart diseases	No significant difference	Republic of Korea
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Arjun S. Yadaw; David K. Sahner; Eric Sid; Emily Y. Chew; Dominique Pichard; Ewy A. Mathé medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2025.	COVID-19 Vaccination, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) or Molnupiravir (Lagevrio), COVID-19 Vaccination Plus Paxlovid or Molnupiravir	Retrospective Cohort	4,825,605	Life-threatening COVID-19 disease (RD patients: vaccination vs. no intervention)	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis. Recorded name: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Freddy Frost; José Miguel Rivera-Caravaca; Gregory Y. H. Lip Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis. 2025;58(4).	Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)	Retrospective Cohort	2,387,423	Composite LC/PASC outcome (9 features: cognitive dysfunction, myalgia, headache, pain, anxiety/depression, abdominal symptoms, abnormal breathing, chest/throat pain, post-viral fatigue)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal JAMA internal medicine. Recorded name: JAMA Internal Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Kin Wah Fung; Fitsum Baye; Seo H. Baik; Clement J. McDonald JAMA internal medicine. 2023;183(12).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	2,246,144	Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) incidence	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria O. Gregory; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia H. Koumans; Priti R. Patel; Pragna Patel; Sharon Saydah Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(10).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	874,299	Post-COVID-19 Conditions (≥1 new-onset symptom or condition) — all ages	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria Perrine; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia Koumans; Priti Patel; Sharon Saydah Open forum infectious diseases. 2023;10(Supplement_2).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	874,299	≥1 Post-COVID Condition among adults aged ≥50 years	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Infection. Recorded name: Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Myriam Drysdale; Rose Chang; Tracy Guo; Mei Sheng Duh; Jennifer Han; Helen Birch; Catherine Sharpe; Daisy Liu; Sarah Kalia; Melissa Van Dyke; Maral DerSarkissian; Iain A. Gillespie Infection. 2025;53(5).	Sotrovimab	Retrospective Cohort	629,172	Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — main definition (Definition 3): at least one of 26 Bull-Otterson PASC symptoms >= 30 days after first COVID-19 diagnosis	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier Z.; Ji Y.; Wang LC; Kumar M.; Anzalone AJ; Hurwitz E.; Budhihartanto A.; Patel RC; Hubbard A.; Halpern J. medRxiv 2026.	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor	Retrospective Cohort	542,938	Gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier, Zachary; Ji, Yunwen; Deshpande, Sarang; Hurwitz, Eric; Coyle, Jeremy; Shi, Junming Seraphina; Mertens, Andrew; Van Der Laan, Mark J.; Colford, John M.; Patel, Rena C.; Hubbard, Alan E.; The National Covid Cohort Collaborative N3C Consortium medRxiv 2024.	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)	Retrospective Cohort	506,903	Long COVID (PASC) cumulative incidence — any SSRI vs. no SSRI	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable Research square Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Fei Wang; Chengxi Zang; Haoyang Li; Dhru Khullar; Yongkang Zhang; Stephenson Strobel; Yong Chen; Marc Sala; Payal Patel; Alejandro Comellas; Andrew Wylam; Mark Weiner; Christopher Forrest; Thomas Carton; Rainu Kaushal Research square 2024.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Prospective Cohort	473,178	Incident Long COVID (PASC) - composite of 24 ICD-10 condition clusters	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Clinical and molecular hepatology. Recorded name: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Kyungyeon Jung; Gi-Ae Kim; Jieun Woo; Jin Youn; Eun-Young Choi; Sungho Bea; Ahhyung Choi; Ju Hwan Kim; Heejoon Jang; Dong Hyeon Lee; Sae Kyung Joo; Ju-Young Shin; Won Kim Clinical and molecular hepatology. 2026;32(3):1364-1378.	Ursodeoxycholic acid	Retrospective Cohort	469,108	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	South Korea
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal PLoS medicine. Recorded name: PLOS Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Alexander Preiss; Abhishek Bhatia; Leyna V. Aragon; John M. Baratta; Monika Baskaran; Frank Blancero; Michael Daniel Brannock; Robert F. Chew; Iván Díaz; Megan Fitzgerald; Elizabeth P. Kelly; Andrea G. Zhou; Thomas W. Carton; Christopher G. Chute; Melissa Haendel; Richard Moffitt; Emily Pfaff PLoS medicine. 2025;22(9).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	445,738	PASC incidence (computable phenotype prediction >0.9 or U09.9 diagnosis, 29-180 days)	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Cheng‐Hsun Chuang; Yu‐Hsun Wang; Liang‐Tsai Yeh; Chao‐Bin Yeh Journal of medical virology. 2025;97(4).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	363,984	Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) — overall follow-up	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Journal of infectious diseases. Recorded name: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Pontus Hedberg; Suzanne Desirée van der Werff; Pontus Nauclér The Journal of infectious diseases. 2025;231(5).	COVID-19 Vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	331,042	Persistent post-COVID-19 condition (persistent PCC)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Sweden
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMC medicine. Recorded name: BMC Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier Z.; Ji Y.; Deshpande S.; Hurwitz E.; Anzalone AJ; Coyle J.; Shi J.; Mertens A.; van der Laan MJ; Colford JM Jr; Patel RC; Hubbard AE BMC medicine. 2024;22(1).	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)	Retrospective Cohort	302,626	Long COVID (PASC) diagnosis 1-12 months after acute COVID-19 — any SSRI vs nonusers	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal JAMA internal medicine. Recorded name: JAMA Internal Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly JAMA internal medicine. 2023;183(6).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	281,793	Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) composite score	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Rushin Patel; Sourbha Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Javaria Ahmad; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra medRxiv 2023.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	279,380	Broadly defined PASC-associated symptoms (30-180 days)	Favors treatment	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Michael A. Simon; Ryan D. Luginbuhl; Richard Parker medRxiv 2021.	COVID-19 Vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	240,648	Any long-COVID symptom (12-20 weeks post-diagnosis)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Emerging microbes & infections. Recorded name: Emerging Microbes & Infections Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yuchen Wei; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Guozhang Lin; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh Emerging microbes & infections. 2025;14(1):2469648.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)	Retrospective Cohort	236,507	Post-acute all-cause mortality (31-180 days) — Trial 1: nirmatrelvir/ritonavir vs no treatment	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Hong Kong
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMJ : British medical journal Recorded name: BMJ Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly BMJ : British medical journal 2023;381.	Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)	Retrospective Cohort	229,286	Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) composite	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Viruses. Recorded name: Viruses Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Anna Puigdellívol-Sánchez; Antonio Arévalo-Genicio; Mª Carmen García-Arqué; Marta Gragea-Nocete; Celia Lozano-Paz; Vanessa Moro-Casasola; Cristina Pérez-Díaz; Roger Valls-Foix; Ramon Roca-Puig; Maria Llistosella Viruses. 2026;18(2):197.	Antihistamine (H1/H2)	Retrospective Cohort	192,651	Long COVID incidence	No significant difference	Spain
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Recorded name: Clinical Microbiology and Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; An Ting Tay; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Betty Wong; Ruth Lim; Ching Li Lee; Joyce Tan; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2025;31(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	188,532	Any postacute diagnosis (composite cardiovascular/neurological/respiratory/autoimmune sequelae)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Singapore
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. Recorded name: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source M. Gonzalez; A. Qadeer; J. Gonzalez; S. Asif American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2026;212(Supplement_1).	COVID-19 vaccination (at least 1 dose)	Retrospective Cohort	150,096	Long COVID incidence	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Euro surveillance : bulletin Européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. Recorded name: Eurosurveillance Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Andrea Schmetz; Julia Knaul; Sabrina Müller; Thomas Wilke; Jingyan Yang; Christoph Spinner; Clara Lehmann Euro surveillance : bulletin Européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2026;31(15).	COVID-19 vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	146,132	Incident long COVID diagnoses	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Germany
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Nature. Mental health. Recorded name: Nature Mental Health Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Zhou T.; Zhang B.; Lu Y.; Chen J.; Zang C.; Li H.; Elia J.; Prasad R.; Arnold J.; Avedissian SN; Bailey LC; Becich MJ; Bensken WP; Bisyuk Y.; Bunnell HT; Castro L.; Chrischilles EA; Christakis DA; Cowell LG; Cummins MR; Fernandez S.; Fort D.; Gonzalez S.; Herring SJ; Hornig M.; Hwang W.; Jain N.; Jones WS; Kaelber DC; Kelleher K.; Kenney R.; Leikauf JE; Letts R.; Liu M.; Martinez AT; May HT; Mosa Asm; Pajor NM; Rao S.; Salisbury AL; Suresh S.; Swaminathan AC; Taylor BW; Thomas NA; Williams DA; Witvliet MG; Kaushal R.; Wang F.; Forrest CB; Chen Y. Nature. Mental health. 2026;4(8):1275-1284.	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor	Retrospective Cohort	110,955	Long COVID diagnosis (U09.9)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Communications medicine. Recorded name: Communications Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Verification source Michael A. Horberg; Celeena Jefferson; Eric Watson; Seohyun Kim; Adrienne N. Deneal; Kelly A. Gebo; Brenna C. Hogan; Elizabeth Humes; Keri N. Althoff Communications medicine. 2026.	COVID-19 vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	72,376	Overall risk of post-COVID conditions (PCC) during the incident time interval	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Infectious diseases and therapy. Recorded name: Infectious Diseases and Therapy Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ngiam JN; Loy EX; Koh Mcy; Chiew CJ; Li RJ; Lim SC; Tai ES; Bee YM; Chow WL; Lye Dcb; Chia YW; Chan Myy; Hausenloy DJ; Tan KB; Wee LE Infectious diseases and therapy. 2026;15(7):1955-1976.	SGLT2 inhibitor, Metformin	Retrospective Cohort	71,698	Composite outcomes	No significant difference	Singapore
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed PLOS global public health. Recorded name: PLOS Global Public Health Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Manlio De Domenico PLOS global public health. 2023;3(6).	Completion of initial two-dose COVID-19 vaccination protocol	Cross Sectional	57,534	Long COVID prevalence among adults who had COVID-19	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable Journal unknown Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly 2022.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	56,340	Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — composite of ≥1 of 12 prespecified sequelae	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier Z.; Wang LC; Ji Y.; Anzalone AJ; Olawore O.; Hafen R.; Hurwitz E.; Kumar M.; Patel RC; Budhihartanto A.; van der Laan M.; Colford JM Jr; Hubbard AE; Buse JB; Johnson S.; Reusch J.; Chan LE; Moffitt R.; Wong R.; Bramante C. medRxiv 2026.	metformin	Retrospective Cohort	53,332	12-month cumulative incidence of Long COVID diagnosis (LC-Dx)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMJ open. Recorded name: BMJ Open Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Jonika Tannous; Alan P. Pan; Thomas Potter; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Katharine Dlouhy; Ashley Drews; Henry Dirk Sostman; Farhaan S. Vahidy BMJ open. 2023;13(4).	COVID-19 Vaccination, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies	Retrospective Cohort	53,239	Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) — any symptom beyond 28 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed JACC. Advances. Recorded name: JACC: Advances Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Rushin Patel; Sourbha S. Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Ashish Kumar; Javaria Ahmad; Anu Mariam Saji; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra JACC. Advances. 2024;3(6).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	53,186	Broadly defined PASC (30-90 days)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Scientific reports. Recorded name: Scientific Reports Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Mark Berry; Amanda M. Kong; Roger Paredes; Julie Paone; Rohan Shah; Rebecca Taylor; Essy Mozaffari; Rikisha Gupta; Robert L. Gottlieb; Lourdes Mateu; Mazin Abdelghany; Jason D. Goldman; Anand P. Chokkalingam Scientific reports. 2025;15(1).	Remdesivir	Retrospective Cohort	52,006	Composite: any Long COVID outcome (≥1 of 16 ICD-10-coded outcomes or U09.9)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Sokratis N. Zisis; Jared C. Durieux; Christian Mouchati; Jamie A. Perez; Grace A. McComsey Open forum infectious diseases. 2022;9(7).	COVID-19 Vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	50,450	Mortality at 28 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Emerging microbes & infections. Recorded name: Emerging Microbes & Infections Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Huwen Wang; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh Emerging microbes & infections. 2024;13(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) + COVID-19 vaccination	Retrospective Cohort	50,438	Post-acute inpatient death (all-cause mortality ≥21 days after COVID-19 index date)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Hong Kong
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Infection. Recorded name: Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Zhenxiang Gao; Tomasz Tabernacki; Pamela B. Davis; David C. Kaelber; Rong Xu Infection. 2026;54(1).	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)	Retrospective Cohort	39,453	Long COVID diagnosis (ICD-10 U09.9), 3-6 months post-infection	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable Journal unknown Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Yishan Shen; Bingyu Zhang; Ravi Jhaveri; Jiayi Tong; Ting Zhou; Jiajie Chen; Dazheng Zhang; Qiong Wu; Chengxi Zang; Fei Wang; Rainu Kaushal; Jason G. Newland; Emily Taylor; Sharon J. Herring; Yuriy Bisyuk; David Liebovitz; Susan Kim; Daniel Fort; David A. Williams; Benjamin D. Horne; Mollie R. Cummins; Mei Liu; Elizabeth A. Chrischilles; Lindsay G. Cowell; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa; Payal Patel; Christopher B. Forrest; Yong Chen 2025.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	34,870	Acute-phase hospitalization	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Public health. Recorded name: Public Health Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Hawra Ali Hussain Alsayed; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Basema Saddik; Ali Al Sayed Hussain; Rabih Halwani Public health. 2024;230.	Sotrovimab, Favipiravir	Retrospective Cohort	28,375	Family medicine department visit due to long COVID symptoms	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United Arab Emirates
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam; Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; Enoch Xueheng Loy; Matthew Chung Yi Koh; An Ting Tay; Huei Xin Lou; Phyllis Kim; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Boon Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2026;164.	Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (casirivimab/imdevimab, sotrovimab, or tixagevimab/cilgavimab)	Retrospective Cohort	19,689	Any post-acute sequelae (composite of any cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, or autoimmune sequelae)	No significant difference	Singapore
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Communications medicine. Recorded name: Communications Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Verification source Alaleh Azhir; Jingya Cheng; Jiazi Tian; Shawn N. Murphy; Hossein Estiri Communications medicine. 2026;6(1):288.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	19,413	Development of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) within 12 months of COVID-19 infection	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Brain, behavior, and immunity. Recorded name: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Maxime Taquet; Quentin Dercon; Paul J. Harrison Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2022;103.	COVID-19 vaccination (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S, or unspecified)	Retrospective Cohort	18,958	Composite outcome of death and any long-COVID feature	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Frontiers in pharmacology. Recorded name: Frontiers in Pharmacology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ting-Hui Liu; Hsuan-Yi Liao; Chih-Cheng Chang; Chih-Cheng Lai Frontiers in pharmacology. 2024;15:1384264.	Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)	Retrospective Cohort	18,842	Composite of all-cause hospitalization or death within 30 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States, multiple countries across North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Computational and structural biotechnology journal. Recorded name: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Hythem Sidky; Kristen A. Hansen; Andrew T. Girvin; Nathan Hotaling; Sam G. Michael; Ken Gersing; David K. Sahner Computational and structural biotechnology journal. 2024;24.	S1R agonist SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, escitalopram)	Retrospective Cohort	17,908	Presumptive PASC (post-acute sequelae of COVID-19) diagnosis	No significant difference	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier Z.; Wang LC; Ji Y.; Kumar M.; Anzalone AJ; Hurwitz E.; Patel RC; Budhihartanto A.; Buse JB; Johnson S.; Bramante C.; Wong R. medRxiv 2026.	Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or tirzepatide	Retrospective Cohort	14,215	12-month cumulative mortality	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Virology journal. Recorded name: Virology Journal Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Han-Wei Yeh; Chung-Hsien Chaou; Shun-Fa Yang; Yu-Hsun Wang; Yu-Hsiang Kuan; Chao-Bin Yeh Virology journal. 2025;23(1).	SGLT2 inhibitors	Retrospective Cohort	10,324	Long COVID (any post-COVID-19 condition) at 3 to 12 months	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Carolyn Bramante; Til Sturmer; Jared Huling; John Buse; Steve Johnson; Christopher Lindsell; Thomas Stewart; David Sahner; Sarah Dunsmore; Eric Topol Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(Supplement_1).	Metformin	Retrospective Cohort	9,660	Long COVID or Death (composite) by Day 180	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMJ open. Recorded name: BMJ Open Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Daniel Griffin; Chace McNeil; James Okusa; Diana Berrent; Yinglong Guo; Sarah E. Daugherty BMJ open. 2023;13(8).	Monoclonal antibody therapy (bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab/etesevimab, casirivimab/imdevimab)	Retrospective Cohort	7,596	30-day hospitalization	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Scientific reports. Recorded name: Scientific Reports Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Hawra Ali Hussain Alsayed; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Ali Al Sayed Hussain; Saleh Al-Muhsen; Rabih Halwani Scientific reports. 2024;14(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	7,290	COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United Arab Emirates
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Clinical epidemiology. Recorded name: Clinical Epidemiology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Oluwasolape Olawore; Lindsey Turner; Michael Evans; Steven Johnson; Jared Huling; Carolyn Bramante; John Buse; Til Stürmer Clinical epidemiology. 2024;Volume 16:379-393.	Metformin	Retrospective Cohort	7,047	PASC incidence at 3 months (ICD-10 U09.9 definition) — weighted analysis	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Journal of infection. Recorded name: Journal of Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Khaled Rjoob; Michela Antonelli; Benjamin Murray; Erika Molteni; Nathan Cheetham; Liane S. Canas; Marc Modat; Joan Capdevila Pujol; Christina Hu; Vicky Bowyer; Jonathan Wolf; Tim D. Spector; Sébastien Ourselin; Alexander Hammers; Emma L. Duncan; Claire J. Steves; Carole H. Sudre The Journal of infection. 2025;90(2).	COVID-19 Vaccination	Prospective Cohort	5,044	Fatigue symptom burden change (SARS-CoV-2 vaccination analysis)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United Kingdom
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue medRxiv 2023.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Prospective Cohort	4,684	Presence of ≥1 Long COVID symptom >90 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 test	No significant difference	United States
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Butzin-Dozier Z.; Kumar M.; Ji Y.; Wang LC; Jerrod Anzalone A.; Hurwitz E.; Patel RC; Wong R.; Bramante C.; Sines B. medRxiv 2026.	Tocilizumab or sarilumab	Retrospective Cohort	3,553	Diagnosis of Long COVID based on U09.9 diagnosis code	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. Recorded name: medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Bramante CT; Stewart TG; Boulware DR; McCarthy MW; Gao Y.; Rothman RL; Mourad A.; Thicklin F.; Cohen JB; Garcia Del Sol IT; Shah NS; Mehta M.; Quintero Cardona O.; Scott J.; Ginde AA; Castro M.; Jayaweera D.; Sulkowski M.; Gentile N.; McTigue K.; Felker GM; Collins S.; Dunsmore SE; Adam SJ; Lindsell CJ; Hernandez AF; Naggie S. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. 2025.	metformin	RCT	3,214	Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or death (PASCD)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Publication status unverified · Indexing unknown Clinical Infectious Diseases Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. Carolyn T. Bramante; Thomas G. Stewart; David R. Boulware; Matthew W. McCarthy; Yue Gao; Russell L. Rothman; Ahmad Mourad; Florence Thicklin; Jonathan B. Cohen; Idania T. Garcia del Sol; Nirav S. Shah; Manisha Mehta; Orlando Quintero Cardona; Jake Scott; Adit A. Ginde; Mario Castro; Dushyantha Jayaweera; Mark Sulkowski; Nina Gentile; Kathleen McTigue; G. Michael Felker; Sean Collins; Sarah E. Dunsmore; Stacey J. Adam; Christopher J. Lindsell; Adrian F. Hernandez; Susanna Naggie; Clyde Yancy; Adaora Adimora; Susan Ellenberg; Kaleab Abebe; Arthur Kim; John D. Lantos; Jennifer Silvey-Cason; Frank Rockhold; Sean O’Brien; Frank Harrell; Zhen Huang; Renato Lopes; W. Schuyler Jones; Antonio Gutierrez; Robert Harrison; David Kong; Robert McGarrah; Michelle Kelsey; Konstantin Krychtiuk; Vishal Rao; Megan E. Hamm; Kirk T. Phillips; Andrew Vasey; Talethia Edwards; Danielle Nelson; Greg Merritt; Jeannie Nguyen; Josh Denson; Jonathan Arnold; Allison DeLong; Rhonda Wilder; Ryan Fraser; Mark Ward; Sarah Weaver; M. Patricia McAdams; Kayla Korzekwinski; Martina Oyelakin; Samantha Dockery; Rodney Adkins; Mathew Crow; Shanee Light; Renee Morris; Erin Nowell; Kadie Wells; Alicia Herbert; Allegra Stone; Heather Heavlin; Linley Brown; Shelley Brunson; Tina Harding; Amanda Harrington; Meaghan Beauchaine; Kelly Lindblom; Andrea Burns; Hayley Nemeth; Brad Kolls; Cina Sasannejad; Rajendra (Raj) Mehta; Mark Kittipibul; David Aamodt; Deborah Clark; Jess Collins; Sheri Dixon; John Graves; James Grindstaff; Jessica Lai; Vicky Liao; Itzel Lopez; Elizabeth Manis; Kalley Mankowski; Jessica Marlin; Alyssa Merkel; Sam Nwosu; Savannah Obregon; Dirk Orozco; Nelson Prato; Max Rohde; Jana Shirey-Rice; Krista Vermillion; Jacob Smith; Hsi-nien Tan; Meghan Vance; Maria Weir; Ray Bianchi; Jen Premas; Madhu Gupta; Greg Karawan; Santia Lima; Carey Ziomek; Joseph Arena; Sonaly DeAlmeida; Anuj Malik; Jane Bryce; Sarah Swint; Brian Tiffany; Charlotte Tanner; Allegra Sahelian; Constance George-Adebayo; Adeolu Adebayo; Theresa Ronan; Ashley Woods; Christopher Gallegos; Tamara Flys; Olivia Sloan; Anthony Olofintuyi; Joshua Samraj; Jackelyn Samraj; Amaya Averett; Alex Slandzicki; Jessica Wallan; Claudia Vogel; Sebastian Munoz; David Kavtaradze; Casandra Watson; David Singleton; Marcus Sevier; Maria Rivon; Sohail Rao; Luis Cantu; Arvind Krishna; Heidi Daugherty; Brandi Kerr; Kathy Evans; Robert Spees; Mailyn Marta; Daniah Amir; Juan Collazo; Rowena Dolor; Lorraine Vergara; Jackie Jordan; Valencia Burruss; Terri Hurst; Paulina A. Rebolledo Esteinou; Igho Ofotokun; Cecilia Zhang; Jessica Traenkner; Mary M. Atha; Vickie James; Marcella Rogers; Chukwuemeka Oragwu; Ngozi Oguego; Rajesh Pillai; Santia Lima; Ahab Gabriel; Emad Ghaly; Marian Michal; Gammal Hassanien; Samah Ismail; Yehia Samir; Andrew Meltzer; Ryan S. Heidish; Aditya Loganathan; Scott Brehaut; Angelina Roche; Nicole Koppinger; Jose Baez; Ivone Pagan; Dallal Abdelsayed; Mina Aziz; Philip Robinson; Grace Lozinski; Julie Nguyen; Alvin Griffin; Michael Morris; Nicole Love; Bonnie Mattox; Raykel Martin; Victoria Pardue; Teddy Rowland; Juan Ruiz-Unger; Lionel Reyes; Navila Bacallao; John Cienki; Ying Yuan; Jenny Li; Jeremy Szeto; Lauren Stelmash; Sara Mekhael; Ledular Morales Castillo; Anya Gutierrez; Sabrina Prieto; Arch Amon; Andrew Barbera; Andrew Bugajski; Walter Wills; Kellcee Jacklin; Deryl Lamb; Amron Harper; Elmer Stout; Merischia Griffin; Nina Clark; Mary Barsanti-Sekhar; Christina Carbrera-Mendez; Mary Rose Evans; Josette Maria; Oksana Raymond; Jeffrey Summers; Tammy Turner; Leslie Lenert; Ebony Panaccione; Conrad Miller; Hawa Wiley; Austin Chan; Saadia Khizer; Oluwadamilola Adeyemi; Wei Ning Chi; July Chen; Melissa Morton-Jost; Julie Castex; Ali Quirch; Hrishikesh Belani; Rosario Machicado; Bjorn Bjornsson; Jacqueline Olivo; Maria Maldonado; Anthony Vecchiarelli; Diana Gaytan-Alvarez; Vijaya Cherukuri; Santia Lima; Radica Alicic; Allison A. Lambert; Carissa Urbat; Joni Baxter; Ann Cooper; Dawn Linn; Laura Fisher; Vijay Patel; Yuti Patel; Roshan Talati; Priti Patel; Leonard Ellison; Angee Roman; Jeffrey Harrison; James Moy; Dina Naquiallah; Binod Shah; Santia Lima; Prasanna Jagannathan; Upinder Singh; Andrew O’Donnell; Yasmin Jazayeri; Anita Gupta; N. Chandrasekar; Clifford Curtis; Briana White; Martha Dockery; Tabitha Fortt; Anisa Fortt; Jason Wilson; Jackie Marcelin; Brenda Farlow; Casey Grady; Randall Richwine; Penny Pazier; Edward Michelson; Susan Watts; Diluma Kariyawasam; Leann Rodriguez; Jose Luis Garcia; Ismarys Manresa; Angel A. Achong; Mari C. Garcia; Arvind Mahadevan; Santia Lima; Carla VandeWeerd; Jeffrey Lowenkron; Erica Sappington; Mitchell Roberts; Jennifer Wang; Melissa Adams; Xinyi Ding; Mary Co; Mark D'Andrea; Mina Aziz; Stephen Lim; Madeline Young; Michael Wilson; Carly Eastin; Allyson Cheathem; Ahad Nadeem; Crystal Walters; Margaret Powers-Fletcher; Douglas Brown; Delia Miller; Sylvere Mukunzi; Carmen Isache; Jennifer Bowman; Debra Martin; Brent Duran; Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt; Ashley Ast; Ashlie Cornejo; Allie Archer; Maria Almanzar; Vanessa Motel; Matt Pullen; Neeta Bhat; Daniela Parra; Erica Urbina; Steven Arriaza; Akira Sekikawa; Emily Klawson; Jonathan Arnold; Nathan Weiland; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Bela Patel; Virginia Umana; Laura Nielsen; Carolyn Z. Grimes; Thomas F. Patterson; Bridgette T. Soileau; Patrick E. H. Jackson; Heather M. Haughey; Bhavna Vaidya-Tank; Cameron Gould; Parul Goyal; Haley Pangburn; Lori Michalowski; John Williamson; Brittany Wortham; Rica Abbott; Unwana Umana; Candace Alleyne; Britta Witting; Eddie Armas; Ramon O. Perez Landaburo; Michelle De La Cruz; Martha Ballmajo; Jorge Alvarez Clinical Infectious Diseases 2026:ciag335.	metformin immediate-release	RCT	3,214	Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or death (PASC) on day 180	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of human immunity. Recorded name: Journal of Human Immunity Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Karen M. Gilbert; Mostafa Aglan; Aditi Jogdand; Neha V. Khairnar; Henry Ssemaganda; Mei-Sing Ong; Jocelyn R. Farmer Journal of human immunity. 2026;2(1):e20250107.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	2,740	Long COVID diagnosis	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMC infectious diseases. Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ee Vien Low; Mohan Dass Pathmanathan; Yi Yang Ten; Suresh Kumar Chidambaram; Wee Ric Kim; Wei Jia Lee; Zhi Wei Teh; Maheshwara Rao Appannan; Mastura Ismail; Azah Abdul Samad; Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy BMC infectious diseases. 2024;24(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	2,524	Post-COVID condition (PCC) at 3 months	No significant difference	Malaysia
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of clinical medicine. Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Diana Badenes Bonet; Oswaldo Antonio Caguana Vélez; Xavier Duran Jordà; Merce Comas Serrano; Margarita Posso Rivera; Mireia Admetlló; Anna Herranz Blasco; Elisa Cuadrado Godia; Ester Marco Navarro; Gemma Martin Ezquerra; Zenaida Pineiro Aguin; Maria Cinta Cumpli Gargallo; Jose Gregorio Gonzalez Garcia; Eva Balcells Vilarnau; Diego Rodriguez Chiaradia; Xavier Castells; Joaquim Gea; Juan P. Horcajada; Judit Villar-García Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(12):4158.	Remdesivir, Dexamethasone	Prospective Cohort	1,966	Median duration of PASC symptoms - Remdesivir vs No Remdesivir (Moderate disease)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Spain
Publication/indexing not checked The Lancet Oncology 2023.	SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (two doses or booster)	Retrospective Cohort	1,909	Overall COVID-19 sequelae	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy, Spain, United Kingdom
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed EClinicalMedicine. Recorded name: eClinicalMedicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Dhammika Leshan Wannigama; Cameron Hurst; Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen; Parichart Hongsing; Natchalaikorn Sirichumroonwit; Kanokpoj Chanpiwat; Ali Hosseini Rad S.M.; Robin James Storer; Puey Ounjai; Phitsanuruk Kanthawee; Natharin Ngamwongsatit; Rosalyn Kupwiwat; Chaisit Kupwiwat; James Michael Brimson; Naveen Kumar Devanga Ragupathi; Somrat Charuluxananan; Asada Leelahavanichkul; Talerngsak Kanjanabuch; Paul G. Higgins; Vishnu Nayak Badavath; Mohan Amarasiri; Valerie Verhasselt; Anthony Kicic; Tanittha Chatsuwan; Kashif Pirzada; Farid Jalali; Angela M. Reiersen; Shuichi Abe; Hitoshi Ishikawa; Chanikan Tanasatitchai; Supamat Amphol; Ladda Nantawong; Prangrawee Sangchan; Varissara Sinkajarern; Thutpharritchn Phoonakh; Phornnapat Utenpattanun; Aye Mya Sithu Shein; Timporn Vitoonpong; Nichapha Chongthavonsatit; Yahya Mankong; Piyapong Chaichana; Jenjira Yaithet; Dumrongsak Pongprajak; Sukjai Traimuangpak; Gasit Saksirisampant; Phimonsiri Lamloeskittinon; Adam Adam Hamdy; Sinthu Sinthu Kosasih; Sirirat Sirirat Luk-in EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70.	Fluvoxamine + Bromhexine, Fluvoxamine + Cyproheptadine, Niclosamide + Bromhexine	RCT	1,900	Clinical deterioration on 6-point ordinal scale - Day 9	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Thailand
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Current developments in nutrition. Recorded name: Current Developments in Nutrition Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ganmaa Davaasambuu; JoAnn Manson Current developments in nutrition. 2024;8.	Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)	RCT	1,747	Healthcare utilization (HCU) or death within 4 weeks	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States, Mongolia
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. Recorded name: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Lukas J. Motloch; Peter Jirak; Moritz Mirna; Lukas Fiedler; Paruir A. Davtyan; Irina A. Lakman; Diana F. Gareeva; Anton V. Tyurin; Ruslan M. Gumerov; Simon T. Matskeplishvili; Valentin N. Pavlov; Benzhi Cai; Kristen Kopp; Albert Topf; Uta C. Hoppe; Rudin Pistulli; Naufal S. Zagidullin Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2022;9:916156.	Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)	Retrospective Cohort	1,746	All-cause mortality at end of follow-up (~393 days)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Russia
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Respiratory research. Recorded name: Respiratory Research Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Guozhang Lin; Yuchen Wei; Zihao Guo; Huwen Wang; Kate Ching Ching Chan; Renee Wan Yi Chan; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong Respiratory research. 2025;26(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	1,745	Acute inpatient death (Day 0-30)	No significant difference	Hong Kong
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. Recorded name: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Alaa Elmazny; Rehab Magdy; Mona Hussein; Eman H. Elsebaie; Sara H. Ali; Ali M. Abdel Fattah; Mahmoud Hassan; Ahmed Yassin; Noha A. Mahfouz; Radwa M. Elsayed; Wael Fathy; Hoda M. Abdel-Hamid; Mohamed Abdelbadie; Shaimaa H. Soliman European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2023;273(6).	COVID-19 vaccination	Cross Sectional	1,638	Occurrence of neuropsychiatric post-acute sequelae of COVID-19	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Egypt
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Prospective Cohort	1,611	Prevalence of ≥1 patient-reported Long COVID symptom >90 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Le infezioni in medicina. Recorded name: Infezioni in Medicina Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Floridia M.; Weimer LE; Forte AL; Palange P.; Ciardi MR; Rovere-Querini P.; Agostoni P.; Barisione E.; Zucco S.; Andreozzi P.; Bonfanti P.; Figliozzi S.; Tosato M.; Lacedonia D.; Loso K.; Gnerre P.; di Rosolini MA; Toraldo DM; Martino GP; Vagheggini G.; Parati G.; Onder G. Le infezioni in medicina. 2025;33(4):391-403.	—	Prospective Cohort	1,534	Any persisting symptom (at least one)	No significant difference	Italy
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Lancet. Infectious diseases. Recorded name: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Earlier preprint: 10.1101/2022.12.21.22283753 Verification source Verification source Carolyn T. Bramante; John B. Buse; David M. Liebovitz; Jacinda M. Nicklas; Michael A. Puskarich; Ken Cohen; Hrishikesh K. Belani; Blake J. Anderson; Jared D. Huling; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Jennifer L. Thompson; Matthew Pullen; Esteban Lemus Wirtz; Lianne K. Siegel; Jennifer L. Proper; David J. Odde; Nichole R. Klatt; Nancy E. Sherwood; Sarah M. Lindberg; Amy B. Karger; Kenneth B. Beckman; Spencer M. Erickson; Sarah L. Fenno; Katrina M. Hartman; Michael R. Rose; Tanvi Mehta; Barkha Patel; Gwendolyn Griffiths; Neeta S. Bhat; Thomas A. Murray; David R. Boulware; Blake Anderson; Riannon C. Atwater; Nandini Avula; Kenny B. Beckman; Hrishikesh K. Belani; David R. Boulware; Carolyn T. Bramante; Jannis Brea; Courtney A. Broedlow; John B. Buse; Paula Campora; Anup Challa; Jill Charles; Grace Christensen; Theresa Christiansen; Ken Cohen; Bo Connelly; Srijani Datta; Nikita Deng; Alex T. Dunn; Spencer M. Erickson; Faith M. Fairbairn; Sarah L. Fenno; Daniel J. Fraser; Regina D. Fricton; Gwen Griffiths; Aubrey A. Hagen; Katrina M. Hartman; Audrey F. Hendrickson; Jared D. Huling; Nicholas E. Ingraham; Arthur C. Jeng; Darrell M. Johnson; Amy B. Karger; Nichole R. Klatt; Erik A. Kuehl; Derek D. LaBar; Samuel Lee; David M. Liebovitz; Sarah Lindberg; Darlette G. Luke; Rosario Machicado; Zeinab Mohamud; Thomas A. Murray; Rumbidzai Ngonyama; Jacinda M. Nicklas; David J. Odde; Elliott Parrens; Daniela Parra; Barkha Patel; Jennifer L. Proper; Matthew F. Pullen; Michael A. Puskarich; Via Rao; Neha V. Reddy; Naveen Reddy; Katelyn J. Rypka; Hanna G. Saveraid; Paula Seloadji; Arman Shahriar; Nancy Sherwood; Jamie L. Siegart; Lianne K. Siegel; Lucas Simmons; Isabella Sinelli; Palak Singh; Andrew Snyder; Maxwell T. Stauffer; Jennifer Thompson; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Tannon L. Tople; Walker J. Tordsen; Ray HB Watson; Beiqing Wu; Adnin Zaman; Madeline R. Zolik; Lena Zinkl The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2023;23(10).	Metformin, Ivermectin, Fluvoxamine	Factorial	1,431	Severe COVID-19 by day 14 (primary outcome, previously published)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Respiratory medicine. Recorded name: Respiratory Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Naoki Fukunaga; Takanori Asakura; Hideki Terai; Hiromu Tanaka; Shuhei Azekawa; Shin Iizuka; Takuya Ozawa; Genta Nagao; Kensuke Nakagawara; Atsuho Morita; Akinari Atsumi; Kazuma Yagi; Masanori Kaji; Akihiko Ogata; Shunichiro Konishi; Emiko Matsuyama; Fumimaro Ito; Hatsuyo Takaoka; Lisa Shigematsu; Takashi Shimada; Shiro Otake; Keeya Sunata; Masahiko Okada; Takahiro Fukushima; Keiko Ohgino; Katsunori Masaki; Jun Miyata; Naoki Hasegawa; Shotaro Chubachi; Ho Namkoong; Koichi Fukunaga Respiratory medicine. 2026;261:108914.	Systemic corticosteroids	Prospective Cohort	1,318	Long COVID symptoms	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Japan
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Scientific reports. Recorded name: Scientific Reports Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Elisa Gentilotti; Anna Gorska; Maria Paola Cecchini; Massimo Mirandola; Marco Meroi; Pasquale De Nardo; Andrea Sartori; Chiara Konishi De Toffoli; Samir Kumar-Singh; Gianluigi Zanusso; Salvatore Monaco; Evelina Tacconelli; Mariana Nunes Pinho Guedes; Gaia Maccarrone; Lorenzo Maria Canziani; Ruth Joanna Davies; Stefania Vitali; Giorgia Tomassini; Benedetta Barana; Maria Diletta Pezzani; Marcella Sibani; Fulvia Mazzaferri; Alessia Savoldi; Elda Righi; Giorgia Franchina; Maria Mongardi; Simona Sorbello; Miriam Emiliani; Raffaella Cordioli; Alessio Esposito; Concetta Sciammarella; Giulia Rosini; Chiara Perlini; Filippo Cioli Puviani; Daniele Fasan; Alessandro Visentin; Salvatore Hermes Dall’O’; Chiara Zanchi; Maddalena Armellini; Enrico Gibbin; Laura Rovigo; Lorenzo Tavernaro; Matilde Rocchi; Rebecca Scardellato; Francesco Luca; Alessandro Castelli; Federico Lattanzi; Carmine Cutone; Anna Giulia Salvadori; Lucia Bonato; Lidia Del Piccolo; Maddalena Marcanti; Marco Pattaro Zonta; Deborah Calì; Anna Mason; Cinzia Perlini; Angelina Konnova; Akshita Gupta; Mathias Smet; An Hotterbeekx; Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar; Gabriella Scipione; Elisa Rossi; Salvatore Cataudella; Chiara Della Casa; Balasubramanian Chandramouli; Silvia Gioiosa; Juan Mata Naranjo; Maurizio Ortali; Riccardo Cecchetto; Davide Gibellini Scientific reports. 2024;14(1).	—	Prospective Cohort	1,187	TDI score (Sniffin' Sticks Extended Test) — olfactory function	No significant difference	Italy
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of clinical medicine. Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ivan J. Núñez-Gil; Gisela Feltes; María C. Viana-Llamas; Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin; Rodolfo Romero; Emilio Alfonso-Rodríguez; Aitor Uribarri; Francesco Santoro; Víctor Becerra-Muñoz; Martino Pepe; Alex F. Castro-Mejía; Jaime Signes-Costa; Adelina Gonzalez; Francisco Marín; Javier Lopez-País; Enrico Cerrato; Olalla Vázquez-Cancela; Carolina Espejo-Paeres; Álvaro López Masjuan; Lazar Velicki; Ibrahim El-Battrawy; Harish Ramakrishna; Antonio Fernandez-Ortiz; Julián Perez-Villacastín Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(2):706.	COVID-19 vaccination	Prospective Cohort	1,163	All-cause mortality during follow-up	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of clinical and translational science. Recorded name: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Carolyn Bramante; Esteban Wirtz; John Buse; David Boulware; Jacinda Nicklas; David Odde; Ken Cohen; Michael Puskarich; Christopher Tignanelli; Nichole Klatt; David Leibovitz; Hrishikesh Belani Journal of clinical and translational science. 2024;7(s1).	metformin	Factorial	1,124	Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Long Covid	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal PloS one. Recorded name: PLOS ONE Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ye-Seul Lee; Heejun Kim; Sunoh Kwon; Tae-Hun Kim PloS one. 2024;19(11).	NSAID exposure during acute COVID-19	Case Control	1,009	Diagnosis of long COVID associated with acute NSAID exposure	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	South Korea
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Recorded name: Hypertension Research Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Takuya Ozawa; Ryusei Kimura; Hideki Terai; Ryo Takemura; Ho Namkoong; Masahiro Kondo; Keitaro Fukuda; Kazuma Yagi; Takanori Asakura; Katsunori Masaki; Shotaro Chubachi; Jun Miyata; Keiko Ohgino; Ichiro Kawada; Junko Kagyo; Toshio Odani; Naota Kuwahara; Ichiro Nakachi; Makoto Ishii; Yasunori Sato; Koichi Fukunaga Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. 2024;47(4).	Calcium Channel Blockers	Prospective Cohort	981	Any long COVID symptom (overall)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Japan
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Kelly A. Gebo; Sonya L. Heath; Yuriko Fukuta; Xianming Zhu; Sheriza Baksh; Alison G. Abraham; Feben Habtehyimer; David Shade; Jessica Ruff; Malathi Ram; Oliver Laeyendecker; Reinaldo E. Fernandez; Eshan U. Patel; Owen R. Baker; Shmuel Shoham; Edward R. Cachay; Judith S. Currier; Jonathan M. Gerber; Barry Meisenberg; Donald N. Forthal; Laura L. Hammitt; Moises A. Huaman; Adam Levine; Giselle S. Mosnaim; Bela Patel; James H. Paxton; Jay S. Raval; Catherine G. Sutcliffe; Shweta Anjan; Thomas Gniadek; Seble Kassaye; Janis E. Blair; Karen Lane; Nichol A. McBee; Amy L. Gawad; Piyali Das; Sabra L. Klein; Andrew Pekosz; Arturo Casadevall; Evan M. Bloch; Daniel Hanley; Aaron A.R. Tobian; David J. Sullivan medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2023.	COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma	RCT	882	Post-COVID Conditions (PCC) at day 90	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed EClinicalMedicine. Recorded name: eClinicalMedicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Teresa H. Evering; Carlee Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Justin Ritz; David A. Wohl; Jonathan Z. Li; David Margolis; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Eric S. Daar; Davey M. Smith; Michael D. Hughes; Kara W. Chew; Kara Chew; David (Davey) Smith; Eric Daar; David Wohl; Judith Currier; Joseph Eron; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Michael Hughes; Carlee Moser; Mark Giganti; Justin Ritz; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Kelly Colsh; Irene Rwakazina; Justine Beck; Scott Sieg; Jonathan Li; Courtney Fletcher; William Fischer; Teresa H. Evering; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sandra Cardoso; Katya Corado; Prasanna Jagannathan; Nikolaus Jilg; Alan Perelson; Sandy Pillay; Cynthia Riviere; Upinder Singh; Babafemi Taiwo; Joan Gottesman; Matthew Newell; Susan Pedersen; Joan Dragavon; Cheryl Jennings; Brian Greenfelder; William Murtaugh; Jan Kosmyna; Morgan Gapara; Akbar Shahkolahi; David Margolis; Verónica Lacal; Diego Salusso; Sebastian Nuñez; Marcelo Rodrigo Rodriguez; Luciana Laborde; Marcelo Papasidero; Luis Wehbe; Mariana Gonzalez; Felicitas Fernandez Voena; Tomas Alvarez; Amaru Lopez; Virginia Huhn; Ulises D'Andrea Nores; Pablo Dieser; Fernando Bordese; Marisa Mussi; Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana; Adriana Aparecida Tiraboschi Bárbaro; Breno Santos; Rita de Cássia Alves Lira; Andre Luiz Machado da Silva; Sandra Wagner Cardoso; Maria Pia Diniz Ribeiro; Nathália Soliva; Eduardo Vasconcellos; Jorge Eurico Ribeiro; Miriam Amaral Enéas; Jorge Pinto; Julia Fonseca de Morais Caporali; Flávia Gomes Faleiro Ferreira; Norma Erendira Rivera Martinez; Victor Casildo Bohorquez Lopez; Melchor Victor Frias; Krystle Fetalvero; Alyxzza Maranan; Jennifer Rosa; Thomas Coetzer; Maureen Mohata; Umesh Lalloo; Sandy Pillay; Penelope Madlala; Larisha Pillay-Ramaya; Jaclyn Ann Bennet; Noluthando Mwelase; Nokuphiwa Mbhele; Frederick Petrick; Leonard Joubert; Rose Mbali; Natasha Joseph; Mmatsie Manentsa; Eugene van der Walt; Mduduzi Sandile Lawrance Masilela; Zinhle Zwane; Tendai Chiperera; Lerato Mohapi; Suri Moonsamy; Usha Singh; Kirsten McHarry; Elizma Snyman; Pieter Lennox; James Craig Innes; Oteng Letlape; Olebogeng Jonkane; William Brumskine; Tania Adonis; Ni Ni Sein; Modulakgotla Sebe; Yacoob Vahed; Nazreen Jeewa Hussen; Ismail Mitha; Vasundhara Cheekati; Purna Cheekati; Christie Lummus; Samuel Idarraga; Andrew Kim; David N. Pham; Wei-Hsin Kao; Michael M. Pfeffer; Miriam Batule Dominguez; Anju Malik; Anna Bryan; Melanie Arnold; Idania Fernandez; Cinzia Karpf; Aniuska Ruiz; David Taylor; Eric Folkens; Jennifer Manne; Sigal Yawetz; Cheryl Keenan; Emeka Eziri; Carl Fichtenbaum; Jenifer Baer; Sarah Trentman; Robert Call; Leroy Vaughan; Aaron Milstone; Jamie Alex Slandzicki; Jessica Wallan; Clinton Guillory; Nancy Andrews; Leslie Hughes; Teresa H. Evering; Jonathan Berardi; Celine Arar; Randall Quinn; Jorge P. Amaya; Marissa Gomez-Martinez; Luis Cantu; Monica Betancourt-Garcia; Nwora Lance Okeke; Charles M. Burns; Fadi Haddad; Victoria Haddad; Augusto Focil; Griselda Rosas; Susana Moyano; Yaneicy Gonzalez Rojas; Ahmad Aswad; Yevgeniy Bukhman; Manish Jain; Eugene Bukhman; Humam Farah; Rebekah McClain; Eric Daar; Sadia Shaik; Timothy Hatlen; Deepa Gotur; Joseph Surber; Jeffrey Kingsley; April Pixler; Alex Zopo; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Ramon Leon; Boris Nikolov; Fernando Gonzalez Vergara; Ana I. Gonzalez; Noemi Gonzalez; Michael Gelman; Olga Andriunas; Zarema Jagizarov; Jan Westerman; David Davis; Donna Sherer; Kelly Dooley; Becky Becker; Adaliah Wilkins; Jose Pérez; Eloy Roman; Heriberto Fernández; Bharat Mocherla; Kelly Beck; Valarie Maldonado; Jennifer Veltman; Rajesh Gandhi; Katrina Shea; Matthew Planchon; Laura Bogan Herpel; Kaushlendra K. Tripathi; Donald C. Day; John Pullman; Erin Williams-Leber; Misty Johnson; Michelle Hecker; Ann Avery; Keila Hoover; George W. Monlux; Elizabeth Juneja; Arthur Wernick; Karelia Ruiz; Maureen Hernández; Yadilys Pérez; Babafemi O. Taiwo; Claudia Hawkins; Baiba Berzins; Carlos Malvestutto; Heather Harber; Robyn Cicarella; Edwin DeJesus; Charlotte-Paige Rolle; Almena L. Free; Sallie D. Pulliam; Debra Weinstein; Rosa M. Suarez; Ezequiel Socorro; Estefania Socorro; Gene Neytman; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Raymond Easley; Mariam Aziz; Joan Swiatek; Avish Nagpal; Breanna Kompelien; Kathryn McEvoy; Susan E. Hoover; Allison Lutz; Jessica Just; Manuel Hernandez; Yanly B. Victoria; Gabriel Rodriguez; Upinder Singh; Prasanna Jagannathan; Divya Pathak; Joshua J. Ordway; Megan Heffner; Patrick Weston; Khalilah Weston; Madhu Choudhary; Jennifer Sullivano; Olayemi Osiyemi; Myriam Izquierdo; Odelsey Torna; Brian Clemency; Renoj Varughese; Joshua Lynch; Kara Chew; Aleen Khodabakhshian; Samantha Fortier; Christopher Coyne; Alexandrea Cronin; Constance Benson; Steven Hendrickx; Rosemarie Ramirez; Anne Luetkemeyer; Suzanne Hendler; Dennis Dentoni-Lasofsky; Mobeen Rathore; Saniyyah Mahmoudi; Amna Riaz; Mario Castro; Leslie Spikes; Chase Hall; David Wohl; Jonathan Oakes; Amy James Loftis; Pablo Tebas; William Short; Michael P. Dube; Saahir Khan; Luis M. Mendez; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sarah McGuffin; Chris Jonsson; Mamta K. Jain; Smruthi Senthil; Kimberly Turner-Gray; Sanjay Mehta; David (Davey) Smith; Mary Lewinski; Masoud Azizad; Christopher Chow; Lisa Nakatani; Derrick Williamson; Hisham Atriss; Matthew Caloura; Midhun Malla; Hannah Hazard-Jenkins; Aimee Wilkin; Jamraus Fayssoux; Hannah Seagle; Rachel Presti; Alem Haile EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75.	Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab	RCT	847	Composite of Long COVID at week 36 or hospitalization or death by week 36	Favors treatment	United States, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa
Publication/indexing not checked 2024.	Remdesivir	Retrospective Cohort	755	Slope of eGFR decline from 30 days to 18 months	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Kompass Pneumologie Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Stefan Krüger Kompass Pneumologie 2023;11(2).	Monoclonal antibodies or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2	Case Control	737	Occurrence of long COVID	Favors treatment	Italy
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Heliyon. Recorded name: Heliyon Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yifan Hu; Dawei Huang; Yuxiong Jiang; Qian Yu; Jiajing Lu; Yangfeng Ding; Yuling Shi Heliyon. 2024;10(2).	Ustekinumab	Cross Sectional	732	Confirmed COVID-19 infection during the study period	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	China
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal PloS one. Recorded name: PLOS ONE Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Bumi Herman; Andrea Bruni; Ekachaeryanti Zain; Azhar Dzulhadj; Aye Chan Oo PloS one. 2022;17(12):e0279184.	Favipiravir	Quasi-Experimental	712	Post-COVID depression within 60 days of onset/diagnosis (PHQ-9 score >4)	No significant difference	Indonesia
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Infection. Recorded name: Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Paola Bertuccio; Melania Degli Antoni; Davide Minisci; Silvia Amadasi; Francesco Castelli; Anna Odone; Eugenia Quiros-Roldan Infection. 2023;51(6).	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, molnupiravir, or short-course remdesivir	Retrospective Cohort	649	Death or hospitalization due to COVID-19 at 1 or 3 months	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Yu Wang; Danyang Zhao; Wenying Xiao; Jun Shi; Wei Chen; Qin Jia; Ying Zhou; Rongyu Wang; Xubo Chen; Liuliu Feng Journal of medical virology. 2023;95(8).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Prospective Cohort	647	Long COVID (any sequela at 6 months post-discharge)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	China
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Depression and anxiety. Recorded name: Depression and Anxiety Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Aenne S. von Falkenhausen; Antonia Gail; Scott Geipel; Clemens Scherer; Sven Stockhausen; Lauren E. Sams; Finn Becker; Steffen Massberg; Stefan Kääb; Moritz F. Sinner Depression and anxiety. 2025;2025(1).	Smartwatch-based monitoring with telemedical support	RCT	607	Risk of depression at 12 months (screening positive)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Germany
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology. Recorded name: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Mariagrazia Palladini; Alessia A. Azzalin; Margherita Bessi; Rebecca De Lorenzo; Patrizia Rovere-Querini; Francesco Benedetti; Mario Gennaro Mazza Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology. 2025;20(1).	Cytokine-Blocking Agents	Retrospective Cohort	588	Depressive symptom severity (ZSDS index score) — whole cohort, primary analysis	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. Recorded name: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust; Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi; Tania Dehesh; Nima Taefehshokr; Adel Sadeghdoust; Katarzyna Kotfis; Amirhossein Hashemiattar; Amir Ravandi; Neda Aligolighasemabadi; Omid Vakili; Beniamin Grabarek; Rafał Staszkiewicz; Marek J. Łos; Pooneh Mokarram; Saeid Ghavami Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. 2023;71(1).	Statins	Prospective Cohort	518	Presence of cough during follow-up	No significant difference	Iran
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Berentschot JC; Martine Bek L.; Heijenbrok-Kal MH; van den Berg-Emons RJG; Ribbers GM; Aerts JGJV; Hellemons ME International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2024;142.	Tocilizumab or anakinra, Remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, or convalescent plasma	Prospective Cohort	502	Self-reported recovery (completely recovered)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Netherlands
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Scientific reports. Recorded name: Scientific Reports Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Seth Congdon; Zev Narrowe; Nang Yone; Jacob Gunn; Yuting Deng; Priya Nori; Kelsie Cowman; Marjan Islam; Sharon Rikin; Joanna Starrels Scientific reports. 2023;13(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	500	Presence of one or more long COVID symptoms (primary outcome)	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis. Recorded name: Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Riccardo M. Fumagalli; Davide Voci; Behnood Bikdeli; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Gabor Forgo; Teresa Gerardi; Bernhard Gerber; Alexandru Grigorean; Frederikus A. Klok; Marc Righini; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Stefan Stortecky; Silvia Ulrich; Simon Wolf; Dörte Wyss; Lukas Hobohm; Nils Kucher; Stefano Barco; Stefano Barco; Davide Voci; Ulrike Held; Tim Sebastian; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Daniel Duerschmied; André Frenk; Bernhard Gerber; Andrea Götschi; Stavros V. Konstantinides; François Mach; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Thomas Rosemann; Noemi R. Simon; Hervé Spechbach; David Spirk; Stefan Stortecky; Lukas Vaisnora; Marc Righini; Nils Kucher; Stéphanie Roth Zetzsche; Rebecca Spescha; Claudia Leeger; Yulia Butscheid; Eliane Probst; Evy Micieli; Gabor Forgo; Fabian Johner; Alexandru Grigorean; Georgios Vatsakis; Dagmar Keller Lang; Silvana Rampini Speck; Barbara Hasse; Marco Rueegg; Isabelle Arnold; Christian Nickel; Jeannette Busch; Marc Blondon; Frédéric Glauser; Micol G. Cittone; Chiara Kessler; Diona Gjermeni; Christoph B. Olivier; Nadine Gauchel; Paul Biever; Lukas Hobohm; Dorothea Becker; Marc Schindewolf; Arnaud Kuenzi; Silvia Ulrich Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis. 2024;8(5).	Enoxaparin	RCT	475	All-cause hospitalization and death within 24 months	No significant difference	Switzerland, Germany
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Frontiers in immunology. Recorded name: Frontiers in Immunology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Rongrong Dai; Qianhui Hua; Xinyu Liu; Lanxin Ma; Ruijing Bao; Huijun Lei; Pengfei Yu; Yuting Liao; Juan Yang; Su Han; Jianmin Jiang; Hangjie Zhang Frontiers in immunology. 2026;17:1813716.	Covilo inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, three-dose monthly schedule, Covilo inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, delayed third-dose schedule	RCT	450	Symptoms of long COVID	No significant difference	China
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. Recorded name: QJM: An International Journal of Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Boglione L.; Meli G.; Poletti F.; Rostagno R.; Moglia R.; Cantone M.; Esposito M.; Scianguetta C.; Domenicale B.; Di Pasquale F.; Borrè S. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2021;114(12).	Remdesivir	Prospective Cohort	449	Overall post-COVID syndrome / long-COVID syndrome	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of clinical medicine. Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source César Fernández-de-las-Peñas; Anabel Franco-Moreno; María Ruiz-Ruigómez; Estibaliz Arrieta-Ortubay; Pablo Ryan-Murua; Carlos Lumbreras-Bermejo; Pablo del-Valle-Loarte; Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero; Juan Torres-Macho; Rocco Giordano; Lars Arendt-Nielsen Journal of clinical medicine. 2025;14(9):3156.	Remdesivir	Prospective Cohort	432	Overall post-COVID-19 pain (any location, persisting ≥3 months)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Spain
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Viruses. Recorded name: Viruses Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source César Fernández-de-las-Peñas; Anabel Franco-Moreno; María Ruiz-Ruigómez; Estibaliz Arrieta-Ortubay; Pablo Ryan-Murua; Carlos Lumbreras-Bermejo; Pablo del-Valle-Loarte; Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero; Rocco Giordano; Lars Arendt-Nielsen; Isabel Martín-Garrido; Juan Torres-Macho Viruses. 2024;16(6):947.	Remdesivir	Case Control	432	At least one post-COVID symptom	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Spain
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMC infectious diseases. Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Natalie L. Vawter; Job G. Godino; Sydney V. Lewis; Adam W. Northrup; Jane C. Samaniego; Jacqueline Y. Poblete; Jesus A. Guereca; Sydney P. Sharp; Eva Matthews; Noe C. Crespo; Pauline G. Lucatero; Monica M. Vidaurrazaga; Christian B. Ramers BMC infectious diseases. 2023;23(1).	COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion	Prospective Cohort	411	Post-COVID Conditions prevalence (Definition 1: ≥1 symptom at D28+)	No significant difference	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Takumi Imamura; Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi; Norio Ohmagari; Yohei Doi; Yohei Doi; Masaya Yamato; Hiroki Sakaguchi; Hideki Yamanaka; Ryosuke Imaoka; Akimasa Fukushi; Genki Ichihashi; Yuko Tsuge; Takeki Uehara; Hiroshi Mukae Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(Supplement_1).	Ensitrelvir	RCT	384	Proportion of patients with Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) for any of 27 prespecified symptoms	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Japan
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Frontiers in microbiology. Recorded name: Frontiers in Microbiology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yilin Xu; Ming Lu; Yawei Li; Xiaoling Den; Dechang Peng; Fuqing Zhou; Anqi Li; Tieying Hou; Tianxin Xiang Frontiers in microbiology. 2026;16:1733465.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Retrospective Cohort	372	One-year hospital readmission rate	Favors treatment	China
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal PloS one. Recorded name: PLOS ONE Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Walker TA; Truong AD; Summers A.; Dixit AN; Goldstein FC; Hajjar I.; Echols MR; Woodruff MC; Lee ED; Tekwani S.; Carroll K.; Sanz I.; Lee FE; Han JE PloS one. 2023;18(7).	—	Prospective Cohort	332	Fatigue (prevalence)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed International journal of general medicine. Recorded name: International Journal of General Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Jillian Kallman Price; Lynn H. Gerber; Maria Stepanova; Leyla de Avila; Ali A. Weinstein; Huong Pham; Fatema Nader; Mariam Afendy; Kathy Terra; Patrick Austin; Wisna’odom Keo; Andrei Racila; James Michael Estep; Suzannah Gerber; Manisha Verma; Pegah Golabi; Brian P. Lam; Zobair Younossi International journal of general medicine. 2023;Volume 16:1479-1490.	Bamlanivimab or Casirivimab/Imdevimab	Prospective Cohort	323	Number of PASC Symptoms (patient-reported)	Favors treatment	United States
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. Recorded name: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Shaahin Shahbazi; Erfan Shahbazi; Farid Zayeri; Zahra Vahdat Shariatpanahi Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. 2025;16(2).	bosentan	RCT	313	Occurrence of sarcopenia	Favors treatment	Iran
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Frontiers in medicine. Recorded name: Frontiers in Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Akzhan M. Madenbayeva; Saulesh S. Kurmangaliyeva; Saltanat T. Urazayeva; Kairat B. Kurmangaliyev; Yerlan Sh. Bazargaliyev; Khatimya I. Kudabayeva Frontiers in medicine. 2025;12:1556623.	QazVac (QazCovid-in) vaccine	Cross Sectional	307	Neurological clinical variant	Mixed	Kazakhstan
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed International journal of general medicine. Recorded name: International Journal of General Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Adrien Chan Sui Ko; Alexandre Candellier; Marie Mercier; Cedric Joseph; Hortense Carette; Damien Basille; Sylvie Lion-Daolio; Stephanie Devaux; Jean-Luc Schmit; Jean-Philippe Lanoix; Claire Andrejak International journal of general medicine. 2022;Volume 15:6645-6651.	Dexamethasone	Prospective Cohort	306	Presence of at least one persistent symptom at 4 months	No significant difference	France
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of global health. Recorded name: Journal of Global Health Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Xueting Jin; Fangwu Wei; Srinivasa Srivatsav Kandala; Gilberto Lopez; Manfred D. Laubichler; Tanya Bils; Rui Li; Ramesh Gorantla Journal of global health. 2026;16:04162.	Long COVID educational videos	Quasi-Experimental	300	Long COVID knowledge score	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMC pulmonary medicine. Recorded name: BMC Pulmonary Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Mari Roël; Anna Schandl; Sandra Jonmarker; Anders Hedman; Gisela Vogel; Eva Joelsson-Alm; Maria Cronhjort; Pernilla Darlington BMC pulmonary medicine. 2025;25(1).	Dexamethasone	Prospective Cohort	286	Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % of predicted	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Sweden
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Discover Public Health Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Taciana de Oliveira; Carla Carneiro Rola Gomes Barbosa; Aline Magalhães-Gonçalves; Rafael Vieira-Duarte; Sara Custódio Martins; Breno Bernardes-Souza; Luiz Antônio Alves de Menezes-Júnior; Mariângela Carneiro; Alexandre Barbosa Reis; Wendel Coura-Vital Discover Public Health 2025;22(1).	Physical rehabilitation requirement after COVID-19	Case Control	284	Need for physical rehabilitation after COVID-19	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Brazil
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Hyunah Yoon; Yi Li; Keith S. Goldfeld; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Julie V. Philley; Mahalia S. Desruisseaux; Marla J. Keller; Judith S. Hochman; Liise-anne Pirofski; Mila B. Ortigoza; Judith S. Hochman; Bruce N. Cronstein; Deborah Keeling; Norka Rappoport; Jenna Saraga; James Holahan; Mila B. Ortigoza; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Gia F. Cobb; Rakshit Andela; Yousef Darwish; Monica R. Taveras; Patrick S. Xin; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Keith S. Goldfeld; Yi Li; Mila B. Ortigoza; Mary L. O'Keeffe; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Fatema Z. Rahman; Adeyinka O. Ajayi; Sara L. Rodriguez; Eduardo Iturrate; Jacqueline M. Gallagher; Ololade E. Thomas; Danibel Ramos; Charlotte C. Fong; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Marla J. Keller; Andrea A. Asencio; Isaiah Eke; James Castro; Jidong Shan; Alex Chalco; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Mahalia Desruisseaux; Grace M. Cortezzo; Erica Rocco; Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge; Catherine Parmelee; Gina Solomon; Staci Cahil; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Chin Chin Lee; Daru L. Ransford; Deniz Dasmany; Andres Corona; Kenia Moreno; Gledys L. Martinez; Christopher Otero; David D. McPherson; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Bela Patel; Masayuki Nigo; Ryan M. Huebinger; Goutham Dronavalli; Carolyn Z. Grimes; Virginia E. Umana; Maria D. Hernandez; Laura E. Nielsen; Taylor P. Stutz; Mehriban Mammadova; Andrew N. Dentino; Timothy R. Heath; Jessica G. Martin; Fatimah O. Bello; Erik Hinojosa; Julie V. Philley; Megan S. Devine; Rebekah L. Hibbard; Anne M. Ford Open forum infectious diseases. 2024;11(1).	COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma	Prospective Cohort	281	General symptoms (fever or fatigue) at 18 months	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Annals of the rheumatic diseases. Recorded name: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Naomi J. Patel; Claire Cook; Kathleen Vanni; Xiaoqing Fu; Xiaosong Wang; Yumeko Kawano; Grace Qian; Buuthien Hang; Shruthi Srivatsan; Emily P. Banasiak; Emily Kowalski; Katarina Bade; Yuqing Zhang; Jeffrey A. Sparks; Zachary S. Wallace Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2023;82(4).	SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (completed primary series before infection)	Prospective Cohort	280	CDC Definition of PASC (COVID-19 symptoms lasting at least 28 days post-COVID-19 infection)	Favors treatment	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Nutrients. Recorded name: Nutrients Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Teresa Maria Tomasa-Irriguible; Ramon Monfà; Cristina Miranda-Jiménez; Rosa Morros; Neus Robert; Luisa Bordejé-Laguna; Sandra Vidal; Pere Torán-Monserrat; Ana Maria Barriocanal Nutrients. 2024;16(11):1631.	Multiple micronutrient supplement	RCT	267	Incidence of Post-Acute COVID-19 Condition (PCC) at 6 months	No significant difference	Spain
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal PloS one. Recorded name: PLOS ONE Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Imad M. Tleyjeh; Basema Saddik; Nourah AlSwaidan; Ahmed AlAnazi; Rakhee K. Ramakrishnan; Deema Alhazmi; Ahmad Aloufi; Fahad AlSumait; Elie Berbari; Rabih Halwani PloS one. 2021;16(12).	Lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin + interferon beta-1b	Prospective Cohort	222	New or persistent symptoms at follow-up	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Saudi Arabia
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of ginseng research. Recorded name: Journal of Ginseng Research Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source In-Ho Seo; Byoungjin Park; Heejung Kim; Seok-Jae Heo; Dong-Hyuk Jung Journal of ginseng research. 2025;49(4).	G1899 Korean Red Ginseng Extract Powder	RCT	220	Anti-S-Ab levels	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	South Korea
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Carlo Brogna; Luigi Montano; Maria Elisabetta Zanolin; Domenico Rocco Bisaccia; Gianluca Ciammetti; Valentina Viduto; Mark Fabrowski; Abdul M. Baig; Joachim Gerlach; Iapicca Gennaro; Elio Bignardi; Barbara Brogna; Aquilino Frongillo; Simone Cristoni; Marina Piscopo Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(3).	Early Antibiotic Therapy	Retrospective Cohort	211	Duration of COVID-19 illness (time to clinical recovery)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of translational medicine. Recorded name: Journal of Translational Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Yuefei Pan; Mengqi Yuan; Le Song; Weiqi Yao; Junli He; Qiong Mo; Ning Zheng; Ziying Zhang; Tengyun Dong; Kaidi Zhu; Zeyi Zhang; Jiaqi Xiong; Jinghui Dong; Jianzeng Zhang; Mengmeng Zhang; Chao Zhang; Yuanyuan Li; Limin Liu; Jing Li; Yunbo Xie; Ming Shi; Lei Huang; Zhe Xu; Yu Zhang; Bo Zhang; Lei Shi; Fu-Sheng Wang Journal of translational medicine. 2026;24(1):435.	Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells	Prospective Cohort	210	Chronic fatigue-like syndrome	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	China
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal Nature communications. Recorded name: Nature Communications Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Saana Horstia; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Jussi M. J. Mustonen; Ilkka E. J. Kalliala; Hanna Ansakorpi; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Pauliina Kuutti; Juuso Paajanen; Seppo Parkkila; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Markus Perola; Negar Pourjamal; Andreas Renner; Tuomas Rosberg; Taija Rutanen; Joni Savolainen; Tero Ala-Kokko; Jaakko Antonen; Jutta Delany; Heikki Ekroos; Riina Hankkio; Mia Haukipää; Iivo Hetemäki; Pia Holma; Ville Holmberg; Ville Jalkanen; Jenni Jouppila; Toni Jämsänen; Juuso Järventie; Petrus Järvinen; Heikki Kauma; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Riitta Komulainen; Ilari Kuitunen; Satu M. H. Lamminmäki; Tiina M. Mattila; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Laura K. Mäkinen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Gitte Määttä; Joni Niskanen; Taina Nykänen; Miro Nyqvist; Terhi Partanen; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Emmi Puusti; Emma Reponen; Sari Risku; Mari Saalasti; Päivi Salonen; Marjatta U. Sinisalo; Katariina Sivenius; Petrus Säilä; Susanna Tuominen; Jari K. Haukka; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. O. Tikkinen Nature communications. 2022;13(1).	remdesivir	RCT	208	Self-reported recovery from COVID-19 infection: fully or largely recovered	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Finland
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Saana Horstia; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Jussi Mustonen; Ilkka Kalliala; Hanna Ansakorpi; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Pauliina Kuutti; Juuso Paajanen; Seppo Parkkila; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Markus Perola; Negar Pourjamal; Andreas Renner; Tuomas Rosberg; Taija Rutanen; Joni Savolainen; Jari K. Haukka; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. Tikkinen Open forum infectious diseases. 2022;9(Supplement_2).	remdesivir	RCT	208	Self-reported recovery (fully or largely)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Finland
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Farmat︠s︡ii︠a︡ i farmakologii︠a︡. Recorded name: Pharmacy & Pharmacology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Balykova, Larisa A.; Zaslavskaya, Kira Y.; Taganov, Aleхey V.; Bely, P. A.; Radaeva, Oa; Negodnova, E. V.; Mashnina, S. V.; Bessheinov, D. D.; Iskandyarova, M. S.; Eremeev, V. V.; Chumakov, N. M. Farmat︠s︡ii︠a︡ i farmakologii︠a︡. 2022;10(2).	Favipiravir	Prospective Cohort	190	Stroke (ACVE) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) events	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Russia
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Polytechnic Journal Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Hadi Mohammad; Tariq Sadeq; Media Ismail; Swar O. Ahmed; Zana Ameen Polytechnic Journal 2024;14(1).	Multi-component dietary supplement protocol (probiotics, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, quercetin) plus low-carbohydrate diet	Prospective Cohort	183	COVID symptom score (overall)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Iraq, United Kingdom, multiple countries
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed International journal of high dilution research. Recorded name: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Harleen Kaur; Ramesh Bawaskar; Tania Chatterjee; Gurpreet Singh; Anurag Bajpai; Shweta Singh; Twinkle Kaur Bhogal; Mohammad Yamin Khan; Sunil S. Ramteke; Subhash Kaushik International journal of high dilution research. 2025;25(cf):417-430.	Individualised homoeopathy	Cross Sectional	167	Post-COVID Functional Status Scale (PCFS) grade 0 (no functional limitations)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	India
Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable medRxiv Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Verification source Alex L. E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M. J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Solidarity Finland Investigators; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E. J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. O. Tikkinen medRxiv 2024.	Imatinib	RCT	156	All-cause mortality at 30 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Finland
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Journal of infection. Recorded name: Journal of Infection Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Alex L.E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P.O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M.J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Tero Ala-Kokko; Maarit Gockel; Susanna Haapanen; Mia Haukipää; Sanna Lehtonen; Eeva-Maija Nieminen; Joni Niskanen; Jarmo Oksi; Ulla Otava; Taija Rutanen; Petri Salmela; Joni Savolainen; Susanna Tuominen; Henri Vartiainen; Heli Ylä-Outinen; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit K. Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E.J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A.O. Tikkinen The Journal of infection. 2024;89(3).	Imatinib	RCT	156	All-cause mortality at 30 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Finland
Publication/indexing not checked	Steroids	Retrospective Cohort	152	Mini-Mental State Examination total score	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Italy
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Lancet. Infectious diseases. Recorded name: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Oddvar Oppegaard; Bjørn Blomberg; Rebecca Jane Cox; Arild Iversen; Nikolai Norevik Myklebust; Marte Glambek; Camilla Tøndel; Tuva Børresdatter Dahl; Tori Friis; Elise Mjøs; Marianne Emblem Lehmann; Axel Sandvig; Vibeke Devold; Maja Wilhelmsen; Marius Trøseid; Rolv Terje Lie; Pål Aukrust; Nina Langeland; Peter Szodoray; Katrine Sjaastad Hanssen; Marte Wilson; Oddvar Kaarbøe; Isabelle Torp Meszaros; Jan Stefan Olofsson; André Minde; Lin Sørensen; Karolina Poltorak The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2026.	Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir	RCT	144	Long COVID at 3 months (presence of at least one cardinal symptom: fatigue, dyspnoea, memory impairment, or concentration problems)	Favors treatment	Norway
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal BMC infectious diseases. Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Hong Tham Pham; Tuong-Anh Mai-Phan; Kim-Huong Truong-Nguyen; Minh-Hoang Tran BMC infectious diseases. 2024;24(1).	Antiviral (Molnupiravir, Remdesivir, or Favipiravir) + Standard of Care	Retrospective Cohort	142	Residual respiratory symptoms lasting >7 days	No significant difference	Vietnam
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source V. I. Podzolkov; Ilya I. Shvedov; Nino A. Dzhaiani; Anna E. Bragina Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2026;22(1):30-36.	Levilimab, olokizumab, or baricitinib	Prospective Cohort	129	Development of post-COVID syndrome according to WHO criteria within 6 months after hospital discharge	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Russia
Publication/indexing not checked 2021.	Enoxaparin	Prospective Cohort	125	Normal SF-36 physical health component (score ≥50)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Russia
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Clinical and experimental medicine. Recorded name: Clinical and Experimental Medicine Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source John Davelaar; Naomi Jessurun; Gerko Schaap; Christina Bode; Harald Vonkeman Clinical and experimental medicine. 2023;23(8).	Corticosteroids, Antibiotics, Anticoagulants	Retrospective Cohort	123	Post-COVID-19 syndrome at 6 months post-discharge	No significant difference	Netherlands
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Communications medicine. Recorded name: Communications Medicine Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Thale D. J. Hovdun Patrick-Brown; Andreas Barratt-Due; Marius Trøseid; Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Katerina Nezvalova-Henriksen; Trine Kåsine; Pål Aukrust; Inge C. Olsen Communications medicine. 2024;4(1).	remdesivir	RCT	118	CAT fatigue at 3 months	No significant difference	Norway
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of intensive care. Recorded name: Journal of Intensive Care Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Teresa Michi; Chiara Mattana; Luca S. Menga; Maria Grazia Bocci; Melania Cesarano; Tommaso Rosà; Maria Rosaria Gualano; Jonathan Montomoli; Savino Spadaro; Matteo Tosato; Elisabetta Rota; Francesco Landi; Salvatore L. Cutuli; Eloisa S. Tanzarella; Gabriele Pintaudi; Edoardo Piervincenzi; Giuseppe Bello; Tommaso Tonetti; Paola Rucci; Gennaro De Pascale; Salvatore M. Maggiore; Domenico Luca Grieco; Giorgio Conti; Massimo Antonelli; Riccardo Maviglia; Giovanna Mercurio; Paolo De Santis; Mariano Alberto Pennisi; Gian Marco Anzellotti; Flavia Torrini; Carlotta Rubino; Tony C. Morena; Veronica Gennenzi; Stefania Postorino; Joel Vargas; Nicoletta Filetici; Donatella Settanni; Miriana Durante; Laura Cascarano; Mariangela Di Muro; Roberta Scarascia; Maria Maddalena Bitondo; Martina Murdolo; Alessandro Mele; Serena Silva; Carmelina Zaccone; Francesca Pozzana; Alessio Maccaglia; Martina Savino; Antonella Potalivo; Francesca Ceccaroni; Angela Scavone; Gianmarco Lombardi; Giuseppe Bello; Luca Montini; Antonio Maria Dell’Anna; Carlo Alberto Volta; Vito M. Ranieri; Giulia Falò; Simone Carelli; Daniele Natalini; Cecilia Berardi; Luca Delle Cese; Luigi Vetrugno; Eleonora Balzani Journal of intensive care. 2023;11(1).	Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation	RCT	109	Percentage of patients with any symptoms at 6-month follow-up	No significant difference	Italy
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Scientific reports. Recorded name: Scientific Reports Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Tøri Vigeland Lerum; Niklas Nyboe Maltzahn; Pål Aukrust; Marius Trøseid; Katerina Nezvalova Henriksen; Trine Kåsine; Anne-Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Birgitte Stiksrud; Mette Haugli; Bjørn Blomberg; Bård Reiakvam Kittang; Asgeir Johannessen; Raisa Hannula; Saad Aballi; Anders Benjamin Kildal; Ragnhild Eiken; Tuva Børresdatter Dahl; Fridtjof Lund-Johansen; Fredrik Müller; Jezabel Rivero Rodriguez; Carin Meltzer; Gunnar Einvik; Thor Ueland; Inge Christoffer Olsen; Frank Olav Pettersen; Aleksander Rygh Holten; Kristian Tonby; Dag Henrik Reikvam; Kjerstin Røstad; Synne Jenum; Liv Hesstvedt; Eline Brenno Vaage; Anette Kolderup; Trung Tran; Jan Terje Andersen; Mona Holberg-Petersen; Simreen Kaur Johal; Åse Berg; Anders Tveita; Gernot Ernst; Lars Heggelund; Lars Thoresen; Karl Erik Müller; Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff; Roy Bjørkholt Olsen; Ane-Krisitne Finbråten; Hedda Hoel; Alexander Mathiessen; Leif Erik Vinge; Lena Bugge Nordberg; Ravinea Manotheepan; Grethe-Elisabeth Stenvik; Hans Schmidt Rasmussen; Ruth Foseide Thorkildsen; Pawel Mielnik; Lan Ai Kieu Le; Carl Magnus Ystrøm; Richard Alexander Molvik; Nina Vibeche Skei; Olav Dalgard; Bjørn Åsheim-Hansen; Anne Marie Halstensen; Jorunn Brynhildsen; Waleed Ghanima; Vegard Skogen; Krisine Greve Isdahl Mohn; Reidar Kvåle; Nina Langeland; Lise Tuset Gustad; Lars Mølgaard Saxhaug; Cathrine Fladeby; Susanne Dudman; Anne Steffensen; Andreas Barratt-Due; Trond Mogens Aaløkken; Ole Henning Skjønsberg Scientific reports. 2021;11(1).	Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine	RCT	108	CAT-score (COPD Assessment Test score)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Norway
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Archives of dermatological research. Recorded name: Archives of Dermatological Research Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Nermeen Ibrahim Bedair; Alaa Safwat Abdelaziz; Fatemaalzahraa Saad Abdelrazik; Mohamed El-kassas; Mohamed Hussein AbouHadeed Archives of dermatological research. 2024;316(6):336.	Post-COVID telogen effluvium	Case Control	100	Serum ferritin level	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Egypt
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal BMC infectious diseases. Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Ramin Hamidi Farahani; Ali Ajam; Alireza Ranjbar Naeini BMC infectious diseases. 2023;23(1).	Fluvoxamine	RCT	100	Fatigue	Favors treatment	Iran
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. Recorded name: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Harmke B. Duindam; Roy P.C. Kessels; Bram van den Borst; Peter Pickkers; Wilson F. Abdo Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. 2022;25.	Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone + Tocilizumab	Prospective Cohort	96	Dichotomized cognitive impairment (impaired on 2+ tests)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Netherlands
Publication/indexing not checked	dexamethasone	Case Control	87	Total ongoing symptom burden at 8-month follow-up	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United Kingdom
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ignacio Pérez Catalán; Celia Roig Martí; Daniela Palomo de la Sota; Alejandro Cardenal Álvarez; Maria José Esteve Gimeno; Sergio Fabra Juana; Germán Herrero Rodríguez; Elena Domínguez Bajo; Nuria Tornador Gaya; Jorge Usó Blasco; Jose Manuel Ramos Rincón Journal of medical virology. 2022;94(1).	Systemic corticosteroids	Prospective Cohort	76	Number of persistent symptoms at 1 year	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Spain
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Rehabilitation and Recreation Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Yu. V. Korota; O. B. Nekhanevych Rehabilitation and Recreation 2023;2023(17):85-91.	Physical therapy rehabilitation program	RCT	60	SF-36 physical functioning (PH)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Ukraine
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Life. Recorded name: Life Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Haydee Ninette Morales-Vazquez; David Cardona-Müller; Fernando Grover-Paez; Carlos Gerardo Ramos-Becerra; Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz; Maria Guadalupe Ramos-Zavala; Jaime Carmona-Huerta; Jorge Eduardo Hernandez-del-Rio; Tomas Miranda-Aquino; Christian Gonzalez-Padilla; Christopher Josue Lopez-Gradilla Life. 2026;16(2):319.	—	Cross Sectional	59	Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia during post-COVID-19 phase	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Mexico
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Therapeutic advances in infectious disease. Recorded name: Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Kazuko Yamamoto; Naoki Iwanaga; Asuka Umemura; Toyomitsu Sawai; Makoto Sumiyoshi; Kohji Hashiguchi; Yusuke Mori; Hiroshi Ishii; Yoji Futsuki; Maiko Kiyohara; Kenji Ota; Kosuke Kosai; Daisuke Sasaki; Yuki Takamatsu; Shingo Inoue; Kouichi Morita; Shin Tsutsui; Kazuto Ashizawa; Takahiro Takazono; Noriho Sakamoto; Naoki Hosogaya; Masato Tashiro; Takeshi Tanaka; Koichi Izumikawa; Katsunori Yanagihara; Hiroshi Mukae Therapeutic advances in infectious disease. 2026;13:20499361261431488.	Clarithromycin	RCT	56	Days to 50% reduction in total severity score (primary endpoint)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Japan
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Microorganisms. Recorded name: Microorganisms Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Maria Letizia Giancola; Andrea Fontana; Concetta Panebianco; Antonio Mazzarelli; Alessia Beccacece; Patrizia De Marco; Giovanna Cocomazzi; Chiara De Giuli; Germana Grassi; Carla Fontana; Giorgio Maria Baldini; Viviana Contu; Massimiliano Copetti; Francesco Perri; Emanuele Nicastri; Valerio Pazienza Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1443.	Kebirah® multi-strain synbiotic formula	RCT	52	Chao1 index (species richness)	No significant difference	Italy
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal Stem cell research & therapy. Recorded name: Stem Cell Research & Therapy Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Lei Shi; You Zheng; Zhi Cheng; Ningfei Ji; Changming Niu; Yan Wang; Tingrong Huang; Ruyou Li; Mao Huang; Xiaolin Chen; Lei Shu; Mingjing Wu; Kaili Deng; Jing Wei; Xueli Wang; Yang Cao; Jiaxin Yan; Ganzhu Feng Stem cell research & therapy. 2022;13(1).	Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells	RCT	41	Fatigue	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	China
Journal-published · Indexing unknown Indian Journal of ECMO Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. Verification source Diptasree Ray; Muhammed Shereef K.; Dipanjan Chatterjee Indian Journal of ECMO 2025;3(4):153-163.	Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	Retrospective Cohort	38	Mortality at 3 years from ECMO initiation	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	India
Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal Stem cell research & therapy. Recorded name: Stem Cell Research & Therapy Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Carmen Lúcia Kuniyoshi Rebelatto; Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia; Claudio Luciano Franck; Debora Regina Daga; Patrícia Shigunov; Marco Augusto Stimamiglio; Daniela Boscaro Marsaro; Bruna Schaidt; Andressa Micosky; Ana Paula de Azambuja; Cleverson Alex Leitão; Ricardo Rasmussen Petterle; Valderez Ravaglio Jamur; Isadora May Vaz; Antônio Paulo Mallmann; Hipólito Carraro Junior; Eduardo Ditzel; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; Alejandro Correa Stem cell research & therapy. 2022;13(1).	Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UC-MSCs)	RCT	17	Adverse events (infusion-related, within 24h)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Brazil
Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Frontiers in medicine. Recorded name: Frontiers in Medicine Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. NLM journal record Verification source Barros, Camila Miriam Suemi Sato; Freire, Raissa Soares; Frota, Elisângela; Rezende Santos, Anna Gabriela; Farias, Maria Eduarda Leão; Rodrigues, Maria Gabriela Almeida; Silva, Bernardo Maia; Prado Jeronimo, Christiane Maria; Netto, Rebeca Linhares Abreu; Silva Borba, Mayla Gabriela; Baía-da-Silva, Djane; Brito-Sousa, José Diego; Xavier, Mariana Simão; Araújo-Alexandre, Marcia Almeida; Sampaio, Vanderson Souza; Melo, Gisely Cardoso; Arêas, Guilherme Tinoco; Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahão; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Gomes Naveca, Felipe; Costa, Fábio Trindade Maranhão; Val, Fernando Fonseca Almeida; Lacerda, Marcus Vinícius Guimarães; The Metcovid Team Frontiers in medicine. 2021;8:758405.	methylprednisolone sodium succinate	RCT	—	Forced expiratory volume in 1 second	Favors treatment	Brazil
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Hyejin Joo; Eunji Kim; Kyungmin Huh; Gi Hwan Bae; Hyungmin Lee; Jungyeon Kim; Dong-Hwi Kim; Min-Gyu Yoo; Il Uk Jo; Poong Hoon Lee; Geun Woo Lee; Hee Sun Jung; Jaehun Jung International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2025;154.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)	Retrospective Cohort	—	Heart failure and cardiomyopathies (PASC)	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	South Korea
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Wiadomości lekarskie : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. Recorded name: Wiadomości Lekarskie Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Igor V. Kireyev; Natalia V. Zhabotynska; Inna M. Vladimirova; Lilia V. Ocheredko Wiadomości lekarskie : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2021;74(5):1104-1108.	Physical exercise plus brain activity stimulators	Quasi-Experimental	—	No signs of asthenic syndrome	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	Ukraine
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Jheng‐Yan Wu; Chia‐Chen Chen; Mei‐Yuan Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Ting‐Hui Liu; Sung Pin‐Chien; Po‐Yu Huang; Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Mei‐Chuan Lee; Kuo‐Chuan Hung; Tsung Yu; Chih‐Cheng Lai Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(5).	—	Other	—	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Open forum infectious diseases. Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Keya Joshi; Michele Kohli; Michael Maschio; Amy Lee; Nicolas Van de Velde; Ekkehard Beck Open forum infectious diseases. 2026;13(Supplement_1).	mRNA-1283 vaccine	Quasi-Experimental	—	Long COVID cases prevented	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Brain communications. Recorded name: Brain Communications Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Maxime Taquet; Paul J. Harrison Brain communications. 2022;4(4).	Phenytoin	Retrospective Cohort	—	Post-COVID cognitive deficits (composite) — phenytoin vs. levetiracetam	Favors treatment	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Journal of medical virology. Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Jheng‐Yan Wu; Ting‐Hui Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Po‐Yu Huang; Chih‐Cheng Lai Journal of medical virology. 2023;95(4).	—	Other	—	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed Journal of clinical and translational science. Recorded name: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Steve Johnson; Carolyn Bramante; Til Stürmer; John Buse; Talia Wiggen; Jared Huling; Andrew Toler Journal of clinical and translational science. 2025;9(s1):175-176.	—	Other	—	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Diabetes care. Recorded name: Diabetes Care Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Steven G. Johnson; Sajjad Abedian; Til Stürmer; Jared D. Huling; Colby Lewis V.; John B. Buse; Shari B. Brosnahan; Praveen C. Mudumbi; Kristine M. Erlandson; Grace A. McComsey; Jonathan Arnold; Talia D. Wiggen; Rachel Wong; Shawn Murphy; Clifford Rosen; Rainu Kaushal; Mark G. Weiner; Carolyn Bramante Diabetes care. 2024;47(11):1930-1940.	Metformin	Retrospective Cohort	—	PASC (U09.9 ICD-10 code) cumulative incidence by 180 days	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	United States
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal The Journal of infectious diseases. Recorded name: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Teresa H. Evering; Carlee B. Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Eunice Yeh; Busola Sanusi; David A. Wohl; Eric S. Daar; Jonathan Z. Li; Paul Klekotka; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Michael D. Hughes; Davey M. Smith; Kara W. Chew; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Robert Coombs; Alexander Greninger; Emily Degli-Angeli; Erin Goecker; Glenda Daza; Socorro Harb; Joan Dragavon; Grace Aldrovandi; William Murtaugh; Marlene Cooper; Howard Gutzman; Kevin Knowles; Rachel Bowman; Bill Erhardt; Lorraine Waring; Diane Hessinger; Stacey Adams; Asha R. Kallianpur The Journal of infectious diseases. 2023;228(Supplement_2).	—	Unknown	—	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Recorded name: Clinical Infectious Diseases Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Ubonphan Chaichana; Kenneth K. C. Man; Chengsheng Ju; Janine Makaronidis; Li Wei Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2025.	—	Unknown	—	Outcomes not reported	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Publication status unverified · Indexing unknown Journal unknown Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown. Zhang, Ning 2026.	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)	Prospective Cohort	—	Long COVID onset	No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)	—
Journal-published · MEDLINE journal Nature communications. Recorded name: Nature Communications Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05. NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Zihao Guo; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Katherine Min Jia; Christopher Boyer; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David SC Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong Nature communications. 2025;17(1).	Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)	Retrospective Cohort	—	Cardiovascular mortality (short-term, day 0-21) — nirmatrelvir/ritonavir trial	No significant difference	Hong Kong

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

European heart journal.

Recorded name: European Heart Journal

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ashkan Dashtban; Mehrdad A. Mizani; Siobhán Rafferty; Laura Pasea; Christopher Tomlinson; Yuguang Mu; Nazrul Islam; Charlotte Warren‐Gash; Spiros Denaxas; Steffen E. Petersen; Cathie Sudlow; Kamlesh Khunti; Amitava Banerjee

European heart journal. 2024;45(Supplement_1).

COVID-19 Vaccination, Influenza Vaccination, Anticoagulants

Retrospective Cohort

17,674,965

All-cause mortality — COVID-19 cohort

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United Kingdom

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

Recorded name: Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Kyungmin Huh; Young-Eun Kim; Gi Hwan Bae; Jong Youn Moon; Ji-Man Kang; Jacob Lee; Jang-Whan Bae; Kyong Ran Peck; Jaehun Jung

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(5).

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (≥2 doses of ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273), Third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose

Retrospective Cohort

7,998,854

Occurrence of ischaemic heart diseases

No significant difference

Republic of Korea

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Arjun S. Yadaw; David K. Sahner; Eric Sid; Emily Y. Chew; Dominique Pichard; Ewy A. Mathé

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2025.

COVID-19 Vaccination, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) or Molnupiravir (Lagevrio), COVID-19 Vaccination Plus Paxlovid or Molnupiravir

Retrospective Cohort

4,825,605

Life-threatening COVID-19 disease (RD patients: vaccination vs. no intervention)

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis.

Recorded name: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Freddy Frost; José Miguel Rivera-Caravaca; Gregory Y. H. Lip

Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis. 2025;58(4).

Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)

Retrospective Cohort

2,387,423

Composite LC/PASC outcome (9 features: cognitive dysfunction, myalgia, headache, pain, anxiety/depression, abdominal symptoms, abnormal breathing, chest/throat pain, post-viral fatigue)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

JAMA internal medicine.

Recorded name: JAMA Internal Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Kin Wah Fung; Fitsum Baye; Seo H. Baik; Clement J. McDonald

JAMA internal medicine. 2023;183(12).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

2,246,144

Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) incidence

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria O. Gregory; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia H. Koumans; Priti R. Patel; Pragna Patel; Sharon Saydah

Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(10).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

874,299

Post-COVID-19 Conditions (≥1 new-onset symptom or condition) — all ages

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Alexandra F. Dalton; Sarah Baca; Julia Raykin; Cria Perrine; Tegan Boehmer; Emilia Koumans; Priti Patel; Sharon Saydah

Open forum infectious diseases. 2023;10(Supplement_2).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

874,299

≥1 Post-COVID Condition among adults aged ≥50 years

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Infection.

Recorded name: Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Myriam Drysdale; Rose Chang; Tracy Guo; Mei Sheng Duh; Jennifer Han; Helen Birch; Catherine Sharpe; Daisy Liu; Sarah Kalia; Melissa Van Dyke; Maral DerSarkissian; Iain A. Gillespie

Infection. 2025;53(5).

Sotrovimab

Retrospective Cohort

629,172

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — main definition (Definition 3): at least one of 26 Bull-Otterson PASC symptoms >= 30 days after first COVID-19 diagnosis

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier Z.; Ji Y.; Wang LC; Kumar M.; Anzalone AJ; Hurwitz E.; Budhihartanto A.; Patel RC; Hubbard A.; Halpern J.

medRxiv 2026.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Retrospective Cohort

542,938

Gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier, Zachary; Ji, Yunwen; Deshpande, Sarang; Hurwitz, Eric; Coyle, Jeremy; Shi, Junming Seraphina; Mertens, Andrew; Van Der Laan, Mark J.; Colford, John M.; Patel, Rena C.; Hubbard, Alan E.; The National Covid Cohort Collaborative N3C Consortium

medRxiv 2024.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Retrospective Cohort

506,903

Long COVID (PASC) cumulative incidence — any SSRI vs. no SSRI

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

Research square

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Fei Wang; Chengxi Zang; Haoyang Li; Dhru Khullar; Yongkang Zhang; Stephenson Strobel; Yong Chen; Marc Sala; Payal Patel; Alejandro Comellas; Andrew Wylam; Mark Weiner; Christopher Forrest; Thomas Carton; Rainu Kaushal

Research square 2024.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Prospective Cohort

473,178

Incident Long COVID (PASC) - composite of 24 ICD-10 condition clusters

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Clinical and molecular hepatology.

Recorded name: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Kyungyeon Jung; Gi-Ae Kim; Jieun Woo; Jin Youn; Eun-Young Choi; Sungho Bea; Ahhyung Choi; Ju Hwan Kim; Heejoon Jang; Dong Hyeon Lee; Sae Kyung Joo; Ju-Young Shin; Won Kim

Clinical and molecular hepatology. 2026;32(3):1364-1378.

Ursodeoxycholic acid

Retrospective Cohort

469,108

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

South Korea

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

PLoS medicine.

Recorded name: PLOS Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Alexander Preiss; Abhishek Bhatia; Leyna V. Aragon; John M. Baratta; Monika Baskaran; Frank Blancero; Michael Daniel Brannock; Robert F. Chew; Iván Díaz; Megan Fitzgerald; Elizabeth P. Kelly; Andrea G. Zhou; Thomas W. Carton; Christopher G. Chute; Melissa Haendel; Richard Moffitt; Emily Pfaff

PLoS medicine. 2025;22(9).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

445,738

PASC incidence (computable phenotype prediction >0.9 or U09.9 diagnosis, 29-180 days)

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Cheng‐Hsun Chuang; Yu‐Hsun Wang; Liang‐Tsai Yeh; Chao‐Bin Yeh

Journal of medical virology. 2025;97(4).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

363,984

Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) — overall follow-up

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Journal of infectious diseases.

Recorded name: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Pontus Hedberg; Suzanne Desirée van der Werff; Pontus Nauclér

The Journal of infectious diseases. 2025;231(5).

COVID-19 Vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

331,042

Persistent post-COVID-19 condition (persistent PCC)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Sweden

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMC medicine.

Recorded name: BMC Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier Z.; Ji Y.; Deshpande S.; Hurwitz E.; Anzalone AJ; Coyle J.; Shi J.; Mertens A.; van der Laan MJ; Colford JM Jr; Patel RC; Hubbard AE

BMC medicine. 2024;22(1).

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Retrospective Cohort

302,626

Long COVID (PASC) diagnosis 1-12 months after acute COVID-19 — any SSRI vs nonusers

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

JAMA internal medicine.

Recorded name: JAMA Internal Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly

JAMA internal medicine. 2023;183(6).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

281,793

Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) composite score

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Rushin Patel; Sourbha Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Javaria Ahmad; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra

medRxiv 2023.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

279,380

Broadly defined PASC-associated symptoms (30-180 days)

Favors treatment

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Michael A. Simon; Ryan D. Luginbuhl; Richard Parker

medRxiv 2021.

COVID-19 Vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

240,648

Any long-COVID symptom (12-20 weeks post-diagnosis)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Emerging microbes & infections.

Recorded name: Emerging Microbes & Infections

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yuchen Wei; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Guozhang Lin; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh

Emerging microbes & infections. 2025;14(1):2469648.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)

Retrospective Cohort

236,507

Post-acute all-cause mortality (31-180 days) — Trial 1: nirmatrelvir/ritonavir vs no treatment

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Hong Kong

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMJ : British medical journal

Recorded name: BMJ

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly

BMJ : British medical journal 2023;381.

Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)

Retrospective Cohort

229,286

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) composite

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Viruses.

Recorded name: Viruses

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Anna Puigdellívol-Sánchez; Antonio Arévalo-Genicio; Mª Carmen García-Arqué; Marta Gragea-Nocete; Celia Lozano-Paz; Vanessa Moro-Casasola; Cristina Pérez-Díaz; Roger Valls-Foix; Ramon Roca-Puig; Maria Llistosella

Viruses. 2026;18(2):197.

Antihistamine (H1/H2)

Retrospective Cohort

192,651

Long COVID incidence

No significant difference

Spain

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

Recorded name: Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; An Ting Tay; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Betty Wong; Ruth Lim; Ching Li Lee; Joyce Tan; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2025;31(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

188,532

Any postacute diagnosis (composite cardiovascular/neurological/respiratory/autoimmune sequelae)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Singapore

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

Recorded name: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

M. Gonzalez; A. Qadeer; J. Gonzalez; S. Asif

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2026;212(Supplement_1).

COVID-19 vaccination (at least 1 dose)

Retrospective Cohort

150,096

Long COVID incidence

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Euro surveillance : bulletin Européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

Recorded name: Eurosurveillance

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Andrea Schmetz; Julia Knaul; Sabrina Müller; Thomas Wilke; Jingyan Yang; Christoph Spinner; Clara Lehmann

Euro surveillance : bulletin Européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2026;31(15).

COVID-19 vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

146,132

Incident long COVID diagnoses

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Germany

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Nature. Mental health.

Recorded name: Nature Mental Health

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Zhou T.; Zhang B.; Lu Y.; Chen J.; Zang C.; Li H.; Elia J.; Prasad R.; Arnold J.; Avedissian SN; Bailey LC; Becich MJ; Bensken WP; Bisyuk Y.; Bunnell HT; Castro L.; Chrischilles EA; Christakis DA; Cowell LG; Cummins MR; Fernandez S.; Fort D.; Gonzalez S.; Herring SJ; Hornig M.; Hwang W.; Jain N.; Jones WS; Kaelber DC; Kelleher K.; Kenney R.; Leikauf JE; Letts R.; Liu M.; Martinez AT; May HT; Mosa Asm; Pajor NM; Rao S.; Salisbury AL; Suresh S.; Swaminathan AC; Taylor BW; Thomas NA; Williams DA; Witvliet MG; Kaushal R.; Wang F.; Forrest CB; Chen Y.

Nature. Mental health. 2026;4(8):1275-1284.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Retrospective Cohort

110,955

Long COVID diagnosis (U09.9)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Communications medicine.

Recorded name: Communications Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Verification source

Michael A. Horberg; Celeena Jefferson; Eric Watson; Seohyun Kim; Adrienne N. Deneal; Kelly A. Gebo; Brenna C. Hogan; Elizabeth Humes; Keri N. Althoff

Communications medicine. 2026.

COVID-19 vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

72,376

Overall risk of post-COVID conditions (PCC) during the incident time interval

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Infectious diseases and therapy.

Recorded name: Infectious Diseases and Therapy

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ngiam JN; Loy EX; Koh Mcy; Chiew CJ; Li RJ; Lim SC; Tai ES; Bee YM; Chow WL; Lye Dcb; Chia YW; Chan Myy; Hausenloy DJ; Tan KB; Wee LE

Infectious diseases and therapy. 2026;15(7):1955-1976.

SGLT2 inhibitor, Metformin

Retrospective Cohort

71,698

Composite outcomes

No significant difference

Singapore

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

PLOS global public health.

Recorded name: PLOS Global Public Health

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Manlio De Domenico

PLOS global public health. 2023;3(6).

Completion of initial two-dose COVID-19 vaccination protocol

Cross Sectional

57,534

Long COVID prevalence among adults who had COVID-19

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

Journal unknown

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Yan Xie; Taeyoung Choi; Ziyad Al-Aly

2022.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

56,340

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) — composite of ≥1 of 12 prespecified sequelae

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier Z.; Wang LC; Ji Y.; Anzalone AJ; Olawore O.; Hafen R.; Hurwitz E.; Kumar M.; Patel RC; Budhihartanto A.; van der Laan M.; Colford JM Jr; Hubbard AE; Buse JB; Johnson S.; Reusch J.; Chan LE; Moffitt R.; Wong R.; Bramante C.

medRxiv 2026.

metformin

Retrospective Cohort

53,332

12-month cumulative incidence of Long COVID diagnosis (LC-Dx)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMJ open.

Recorded name: BMJ Open

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Jonika Tannous; Alan P. Pan; Thomas Potter; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Katharine Dlouhy; Ashley Drews; Henry Dirk Sostman; Farhaan S. Vahidy

BMJ open. 2023;13(4).

COVID-19 Vaccination, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies

Retrospective Cohort

53,239

Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) — any symptom beyond 28 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

JACC. Advances.

Recorded name: JACC: Advances

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Rushin Patel; Sourbha S. Dani; Sumanth Khadke; Ashish Kumar; Javaria Ahmad; Anu Mariam Saji; Jui Shah; Neev Mehta; Kenneth Wener; Daniel P. McQuillen; George Abraham; Jeremy Faust; Jason Maley; Smita Patel; Janet Mullington; Robert M. Wachter; Anne Mosenthal; Paul E. Sax; Sarju Ganatra

JACC. Advances. 2024;3(6).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

53,186

Broadly defined PASC (30-90 days)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Scientific reports.

Recorded name: Scientific Reports

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Mark Berry; Amanda M. Kong; Roger Paredes; Julie Paone; Rohan Shah; Rebecca Taylor; Essy Mozaffari; Rikisha Gupta; Robert L. Gottlieb; Lourdes Mateu; Mazin Abdelghany; Jason D. Goldman; Anand P. Chokkalingam

Scientific reports. 2025;15(1).

Remdesivir

Retrospective Cohort

52,006

Composite: any Long COVID outcome (≥1 of 16 ICD-10-coded outcomes or U09.9)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Sokratis N. Zisis; Jared C. Durieux; Christian Mouchati; Jamie A. Perez; Grace A. McComsey

Open forum infectious diseases. 2022;9(7).

COVID-19 Vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

50,450

Mortality at 28 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Emerging microbes & infections.

Recorded name: Emerging Microbes & Infections

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Huwen Wang; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Christopher Boyer; Katherine Min Jia; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Zihao Guo; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Ka Chun Chong; Eng Kiong Yeoh

Emerging microbes & infections. 2024;13(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) + COVID-19 vaccination

Retrospective Cohort

50,438

Post-acute inpatient death (all-cause mortality ≥21 days after COVID-19 index date)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Hong Kong

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Infection.

Recorded name: Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Zhenxiang Gao; Tomasz Tabernacki; Pamela B. Davis; David C. Kaelber; Rong Xu

Infection. 2026;54(1).

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Retrospective Cohort

39,453

Long COVID diagnosis (ICD-10 U09.9), 3-6 months post-infection

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

Journal unknown

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Yishan Shen; Bingyu Zhang; Ravi Jhaveri; Jiayi Tong; Ting Zhou; Jiajie Chen; Dazheng Zhang; Qiong Wu; Chengxi Zang; Fei Wang; Rainu Kaushal; Jason G. Newland; Emily Taylor; Sharon J. Herring; Yuriy Bisyuk; David Liebovitz; Susan Kim; Daniel Fort; David A. Williams; Benjamin D. Horne; Mollie R. Cummins; Mei Liu; Elizabeth A. Chrischilles; Lindsay G. Cowell; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa; Payal Patel; Christopher B. Forrest; Yong Chen

2025.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

34,870

Acute-phase hospitalization

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Public health.

Recorded name: Public Health

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Hawra Ali Hussain Alsayed; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Basema Saddik; Ali Al Sayed Hussain; Rabih Halwani

Public health. 2024;230.

Sotrovimab, Favipiravir

Retrospective Cohort

28,375

Family medicine department visit due to long COVID symptoms

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United Arab Emirates

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam; Liang En Wee; Jue Tao Lim; Enoch Xueheng Loy; Matthew Chung Yi Koh; An Ting Tay; Huei Xin Lou; Phyllis Kim; Calvin J. Chiew; Barnaby Edward Young; Shawn Vasoo; David Chien Boon Lye; Kelvin Bryan Tan

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2026;164.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (casirivimab/imdevimab, sotrovimab, or tixagevimab/cilgavimab)

Retrospective Cohort

19,689

Any post-acute sequelae (composite of any cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, or autoimmune sequelae)

No significant difference

Singapore

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Communications medicine.

Recorded name: Communications Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source Verification source

Alaleh Azhir; Jingya Cheng; Jiazi Tian; Shawn N. Murphy; Hossein Estiri

Communications medicine. 2026;6(1):288.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

19,413

Development of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) within 12 months of COVID-19 infection

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Brain, behavior, and immunity.

Recorded name: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Maxime Taquet; Quentin Dercon; Paul J. Harrison

Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2022;103.

COVID-19 vaccination (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S, or unspecified)

Retrospective Cohort

18,958

Composite outcome of death and any long-COVID feature

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Frontiers in pharmacology.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ting-Hui Liu; Hsuan-Yi Liao; Chih-Cheng Chang; Chih-Cheng Lai

Frontiers in pharmacology. 2024;15:1384264.

Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)

Retrospective Cohort

18,842

Composite of all-cause hospitalization or death within 30 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States, multiple countries across North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Computational and structural biotechnology journal.

Recorded name: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Hythem Sidky; Kristen A. Hansen; Andrew T. Girvin; Nathan Hotaling; Sam G. Michael; Ken Gersing; David K. Sahner

Computational and structural biotechnology journal. 2024;24.

S1R agonist SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, escitalopram)

Retrospective Cohort

17,908

Presumptive PASC (post-acute sequelae of COVID-19) diagnosis

No significant difference

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier Z.; Wang LC; Ji Y.; Kumar M.; Anzalone AJ; Hurwitz E.; Patel RC; Budhihartanto A.; Buse JB; Johnson S.; Bramante C.; Wong R.

medRxiv 2026.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or tirzepatide

Retrospective Cohort

14,215

12-month cumulative mortality

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Virology journal.

Recorded name: Virology Journal

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Han-Wei Yeh; Chung-Hsien Chaou; Shun-Fa Yang; Yu-Hsun Wang; Yu-Hsiang Kuan; Chao-Bin Yeh

Virology journal. 2025;23(1).

SGLT2 inhibitors

Retrospective Cohort

10,324

Long COVID (any post-COVID-19 condition) at 3 to 12 months

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Carolyn Bramante; Til Sturmer; Jared Huling; John Buse; Steve Johnson; Christopher Lindsell; Thomas Stewart; David Sahner; Sarah Dunsmore; Eric Topol

Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(Supplement_1).

Metformin

Retrospective Cohort

9,660

Long COVID or Death (composite) by Day 180

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMJ open.

Recorded name: BMJ Open

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Daniel Griffin; Chace McNeil; James Okusa; Diana Berrent; Yinglong Guo; Sarah E. Daugherty

BMJ open. 2023;13(8).

Monoclonal antibody therapy (bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab/etesevimab, casirivimab/imdevimab)

Retrospective Cohort

7,596

30-day hospitalization

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Scientific reports.

Recorded name: Scientific Reports

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Hawra Ali Hussain Alsayed; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Ali Al Sayed Hussain; Saleh Al-Muhsen; Rabih Halwani

Scientific reports. 2024;14(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

7,290

COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United Arab Emirates

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Clinical epidemiology.

Recorded name: Clinical Epidemiology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Oluwasolape Olawore; Lindsey Turner; Michael Evans; Steven Johnson; Jared Huling; Carolyn Bramante; John Buse; Til Stürmer

Clinical epidemiology. 2024;Volume 16:379-393.

Metformin

Retrospective Cohort

7,047

PASC incidence at 3 months (ICD-10 U09.9 definition) — weighted analysis

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Journal of infection.

Recorded name: Journal of Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Khaled Rjoob; Michela Antonelli; Benjamin Murray; Erika Molteni; Nathan Cheetham; Liane S. Canas; Marc Modat; Joan Capdevila Pujol; Christina Hu; Vicky Bowyer; Jonathan Wolf; Tim D. Spector; Sébastien Ourselin; Alexander Hammers; Emma L. Duncan; Claire J. Steves; Carole H. Sudre

The Journal of infection. 2025;90(2).

COVID-19 Vaccination

Prospective Cohort

5,044

Fatigue symptom burden change (SARS-CoV-2 vaccination analysis)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United Kingdom

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue

medRxiv 2023.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Prospective Cohort

4,684

Presence of ≥1 Long COVID symptom >90 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 test

No significant difference

United States

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Butzin-Dozier Z.; Kumar M.; Ji Y.; Wang LC; Jerrod Anzalone A.; Hurwitz E.; Patel RC; Wong R.; Bramante C.; Sines B.

medRxiv 2026.

Tocilizumab or sarilumab

Retrospective Cohort

3,553

Diagnosis of Long COVID based on U09.9 diagnosis code

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences.

Recorded name: medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Bramante CT; Stewart TG; Boulware DR; McCarthy MW; Gao Y.; Rothman RL; Mourad A.; Thicklin F.; Cohen JB; Garcia Del Sol IT; Shah NS; Mehta M.; Quintero Cardona O.; Scott J.; Ginde AA; Castro M.; Jayaweera D.; Sulkowski M.; Gentile N.; McTigue K.; Felker GM; Collins S.; Dunsmore SE; Adam SJ; Lindsell CJ; Hernandez AF; Naggie S.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. 2025.

metformin

RCT

3,214

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or death (PASCD)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Publication status unverified · Indexing unknown

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

Carolyn T. Bramante; Thomas G. Stewart; David R. Boulware; Matthew W. McCarthy; Yue Gao; Russell L. Rothman; Ahmad Mourad; Florence Thicklin; Jonathan B. Cohen; Idania T. Garcia del Sol; Nirav S. Shah; Manisha Mehta; Orlando Quintero Cardona; Jake Scott; Adit A. Ginde; Mario Castro; Dushyantha Jayaweera; Mark Sulkowski; Nina Gentile; Kathleen McTigue; G. Michael Felker; Sean Collins; Sarah E. Dunsmore; Stacey J. Adam; Christopher J. Lindsell; Adrian F. Hernandez; Susanna Naggie; Clyde Yancy; Adaora Adimora; Susan Ellenberg; Kaleab Abebe; Arthur Kim; John D. Lantos; Jennifer Silvey-Cason; Frank Rockhold; Sean O’Brien; Frank Harrell; Zhen Huang; Renato Lopes; W. Schuyler Jones; Antonio Gutierrez; Robert Harrison; David Kong; Robert McGarrah; Michelle Kelsey; Konstantin Krychtiuk; Vishal Rao; Megan E. Hamm; Kirk T. Phillips; Andrew Vasey; Talethia Edwards; Danielle Nelson; Greg Merritt; Jeannie Nguyen; Josh Denson; Jonathan Arnold; Allison DeLong; Rhonda Wilder; Ryan Fraser; Mark Ward; Sarah Weaver; M. Patricia McAdams; Kayla Korzekwinski; Martina Oyelakin; Samantha Dockery; Rodney Adkins; Mathew Crow; Shanee Light; Renee Morris; Erin Nowell; Kadie Wells; Alicia Herbert; Allegra Stone; Heather Heavlin; Linley Brown; Shelley Brunson; Tina Harding; Amanda Harrington; Meaghan Beauchaine; Kelly Lindblom; Andrea Burns; Hayley Nemeth; Brad Kolls; Cina Sasannejad; Rajendra (Raj) Mehta; Mark Kittipibul; David Aamodt; Deborah Clark; Jess Collins; Sheri Dixon; John Graves; James Grindstaff; Jessica Lai; Vicky Liao; Itzel Lopez; Elizabeth Manis; Kalley Mankowski; Jessica Marlin; Alyssa Merkel; Sam Nwosu; Savannah Obregon; Dirk Orozco; Nelson Prato; Max Rohde; Jana Shirey-Rice; Krista Vermillion; Jacob Smith; Hsi-nien Tan; Meghan Vance; Maria Weir; Ray Bianchi; Jen Premas; Madhu Gupta; Greg Karawan; Santia Lima; Carey Ziomek; Joseph Arena; Sonaly DeAlmeida; Anuj Malik; Jane Bryce; Sarah Swint; Brian Tiffany; Charlotte Tanner; Allegra Sahelian; Constance George-Adebayo; Adeolu Adebayo; Theresa Ronan; Ashley Woods; Christopher Gallegos; Tamara Flys; Olivia Sloan; Anthony Olofintuyi; Joshua Samraj; Jackelyn Samraj; Amaya Averett; Alex Slandzicki; Jessica Wallan; Claudia Vogel; Sebastian Munoz; David Kavtaradze; Casandra Watson; David Singleton; Marcus Sevier; Maria Rivon; Sohail Rao; Luis Cantu; Arvind Krishna; Heidi Daugherty; Brandi Kerr; Kathy Evans; Robert Spees; Mailyn Marta; Daniah Amir; Juan Collazo; Rowena Dolor; Lorraine Vergara; Jackie Jordan; Valencia Burruss; Terri Hurst; Paulina A. Rebolledo Esteinou; Igho Ofotokun; Cecilia Zhang; Jessica Traenkner; Mary M. Atha; Vickie James; Marcella Rogers; Chukwuemeka Oragwu; Ngozi Oguego; Rajesh Pillai; Santia Lima; Ahab Gabriel; Emad Ghaly; Marian Michal; Gammal Hassanien; Samah Ismail; Yehia Samir; Andrew Meltzer; Ryan S. Heidish; Aditya Loganathan; Scott Brehaut; Angelina Roche; Nicole Koppinger; Jose Baez; Ivone Pagan; Dallal Abdelsayed; Mina Aziz; Philip Robinson; Grace Lozinski; Julie Nguyen; Alvin Griffin; Michael Morris; Nicole Love; Bonnie Mattox; Raykel Martin; Victoria Pardue; Teddy Rowland; Juan Ruiz-Unger; Lionel Reyes; Navila Bacallao; John Cienki; Ying Yuan; Jenny Li; Jeremy Szeto; Lauren Stelmash; Sara Mekhael; Ledular Morales Castillo; Anya Gutierrez; Sabrina Prieto; Arch Amon; Andrew Barbera; Andrew Bugajski; Walter Wills; Kellcee Jacklin; Deryl Lamb; Amron Harper; Elmer Stout; Merischia Griffin; Nina Clark; Mary Barsanti-Sekhar; Christina Carbrera-Mendez; Mary Rose Evans; Josette Maria; Oksana Raymond; Jeffrey Summers; Tammy Turner; Leslie Lenert; Ebony Panaccione; Conrad Miller; Hawa Wiley; Austin Chan; Saadia Khizer; Oluwadamilola Adeyemi; Wei Ning Chi; July Chen; Melissa Morton-Jost; Julie Castex; Ali Quirch; Hrishikesh Belani; Rosario Machicado; Bjorn Bjornsson; Jacqueline Olivo; Maria Maldonado; Anthony Vecchiarelli; Diana Gaytan-Alvarez; Vijaya Cherukuri; Santia Lima; Radica Alicic; Allison A. Lambert; Carissa Urbat; Joni Baxter; Ann Cooper; Dawn Linn; Laura Fisher; Vijay Patel; Yuti Patel; Roshan Talati; Priti Patel; Leonard Ellison; Angee Roman; Jeffrey Harrison; James Moy; Dina Naquiallah; Binod Shah; Santia Lima; Prasanna Jagannathan; Upinder Singh; Andrew O’Donnell; Yasmin Jazayeri; Anita Gupta; N. Chandrasekar; Clifford Curtis; Briana White; Martha Dockery; Tabitha Fortt; Anisa Fortt; Jason Wilson; Jackie Marcelin; Brenda Farlow; Casey Grady; Randall Richwine; Penny Pazier; Edward Michelson; Susan Watts; Diluma Kariyawasam; Leann Rodriguez; Jose Luis Garcia; Ismarys Manresa; Angel A. Achong; Mari C. Garcia; Arvind Mahadevan; Santia Lima; Carla VandeWeerd; Jeffrey Lowenkron; Erica Sappington; Mitchell Roberts; Jennifer Wang; Melissa Adams; Xinyi Ding; Mary Co; Mark D'Andrea; Mina Aziz; Stephen Lim; Madeline Young; Michael Wilson; Carly Eastin; Allyson Cheathem; Ahad Nadeem; Crystal Walters; Margaret Powers-Fletcher; Douglas Brown; Delia Miller; Sylvere Mukunzi; Carmen Isache; Jennifer Bowman; Debra Martin; Brent Duran; Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt; Ashley Ast; Ashlie Cornejo; Allie Archer; Maria Almanzar; Vanessa Motel; Matt Pullen; Neeta Bhat; Daniela Parra; Erica Urbina; Steven Arriaza; Akira Sekikawa; Emily Klawson; Jonathan Arnold; Nathan Weiland; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Bela Patel; Virginia Umana; Laura Nielsen; Carolyn Z. Grimes; Thomas F. Patterson; Bridgette T. Soileau; Patrick E. H. Jackson; Heather M. Haughey; Bhavna Vaidya-Tank; Cameron Gould; Parul Goyal; Haley Pangburn; Lori Michalowski; John Williamson; Brittany Wortham; Rica Abbott; Unwana Umana; Candace Alleyne; Britta Witting; Eddie Armas; Ramon O. Perez Landaburo; Michelle De La Cruz; Martha Ballmajo; Jorge Alvarez

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2026:ciag335.

metformin immediate-release

RCT

3,214

Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or death (PASC) on day 180

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of human immunity.

Recorded name: Journal of Human Immunity

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Karen M. Gilbert; Mostafa Aglan; Aditi Jogdand; Neha V. Khairnar; Henry Ssemaganda; Mei-Sing Ong; Jocelyn R. Farmer

Journal of human immunity. 2026;2(1):e20250107.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

2,740

Long COVID diagnosis

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMC infectious diseases.

Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ee Vien Low; Mohan Dass Pathmanathan; Yi Yang Ten; Suresh Kumar Chidambaram; Wee Ric Kim; Wei Jia Lee; Zhi Wei Teh; Maheshwara Rao Appannan; Mastura Ismail; Azah Abdul Samad; Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy

BMC infectious diseases. 2024;24(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

2,524

Post-COVID condition (PCC) at 3 months

No significant difference

Malaysia

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of clinical medicine.

Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Diana Badenes Bonet; Oswaldo Antonio Caguana Vélez; Xavier Duran Jordà; Merce Comas Serrano; Margarita Posso Rivera; Mireia Admetlló; Anna Herranz Blasco; Elisa Cuadrado Godia; Ester Marco Navarro; Gemma Martin Ezquerra; Zenaida Pineiro Aguin; Maria Cinta Cumpli Gargallo; Jose Gregorio Gonzalez Garcia; Eva Balcells Vilarnau; Diego Rodriguez Chiaradia; Xavier Castells; Joaquim Gea; Juan P. Horcajada; Judit Villar-García

Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(12):4158.

Remdesivir, Dexamethasone

Prospective Cohort

1,966

Median duration of PASC symptoms - Remdesivir vs No Remdesivir (Moderate disease)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Spain

Publication/indexing not checked

The Lancet Oncology 2023.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (two doses or booster)

Retrospective Cohort

1,909

Overall COVID-19 sequelae

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy, Spain, United Kingdom

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

EClinicalMedicine.

Recorded name: eClinicalMedicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Dhammika Leshan Wannigama; Cameron Hurst; Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen; Parichart Hongsing; Natchalaikorn Sirichumroonwit; Kanokpoj Chanpiwat; Ali Hosseini Rad S.M.; Robin James Storer; Puey Ounjai; Phitsanuruk Kanthawee; Natharin Ngamwongsatit; Rosalyn Kupwiwat; Chaisit Kupwiwat; James Michael Brimson; Naveen Kumar Devanga Ragupathi; Somrat Charuluxananan; Asada Leelahavanichkul; Talerngsak Kanjanabuch; Paul G. Higgins; Vishnu Nayak Badavath; Mohan Amarasiri; Valerie Verhasselt; Anthony Kicic; Tanittha Chatsuwan; Kashif Pirzada; Farid Jalali; Angela M. Reiersen; Shuichi Abe; Hitoshi Ishikawa; Chanikan Tanasatitchai; Supamat Amphol; Ladda Nantawong; Prangrawee Sangchan; Varissara Sinkajarern; Thutpharritchn Phoonakh; Phornnapat Utenpattanun; Aye Mya Sithu Shein; Timporn Vitoonpong; Nichapha Chongthavonsatit; Yahya Mankong; Piyapong Chaichana; Jenjira Yaithet; Dumrongsak Pongprajak; Sukjai Traimuangpak; Gasit Saksirisampant; Phimonsiri Lamloeskittinon; Adam Adam Hamdy; Sinthu Sinthu Kosasih; Sirirat Sirirat Luk-in

EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70.

Fluvoxamine + Bromhexine, Fluvoxamine + Cyproheptadine, Niclosamide + Bromhexine

RCT

1,900

Clinical deterioration on 6-point ordinal scale - Day 9

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Thailand

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Current developments in nutrition.

Recorded name: Current Developments in Nutrition

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ganmaa Davaasambuu; JoAnn Manson

Current developments in nutrition. 2024;8.

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

RCT

1,747

Healthcare utilization (HCU) or death within 4 weeks

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States, Mongolia

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Lukas J. Motloch; Peter Jirak; Moritz Mirna; Lukas Fiedler; Paruir A. Davtyan; Irina A. Lakman; Diana F. Gareeva; Anton V. Tyurin; Ruslan M. Gumerov; Simon T. Matskeplishvili; Valentin N. Pavlov; Benzhi Cai; Kristen Kopp; Albert Topf; Uta C. Hoppe; Rudin Pistulli; Naufal S. Zagidullin

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2022;9:916156.

Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)

Retrospective Cohort

1,746

All-cause mortality at end of follow-up (~393 days)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Russia

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Respiratory research.

Recorded name: Respiratory Research

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Guozhang Lin; Yuchen Wei; Zihao Guo; Huwen Wang; Kate Ching Ching Chan; Renee Wan Yi Chan; Chi Tim Hung; Xiaoting Jiang; Conglu Li; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Yawen Wang; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David S. C. Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong

Respiratory research. 2025;26(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

1,745

Acute inpatient death (Day 0-30)

No significant difference

Hong Kong

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience.

Recorded name: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Alaa Elmazny; Rehab Magdy; Mona Hussein; Eman H. Elsebaie; Sara H. Ali; Ali M. Abdel Fattah; Mahmoud Hassan; Ahmed Yassin; Noha A. Mahfouz; Radwa M. Elsayed; Wael Fathy; Hoda M. Abdel-Hamid; Mohamed Abdelbadie; Shaimaa H. Soliman

European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2023;273(6).

COVID-19 vaccination

Cross Sectional

1,638

Occurrence of neuropsychiatric post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Egypt

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Michael J. Peluso; Feng Lin; Noah D. Peyser; Carmen Isasi; Thomas W. Carton; Timothy J. Henrich; Steven G. Deeks; Jeffrey E. Olgin; Mark J. Pletcher; Alexis L. Beatty; Gregory M. Marcus; Priscilla Y. Hsue

Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Prospective Cohort

1,611

Prevalence of ≥1 patient-reported Long COVID symptom >90 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Le infezioni in medicina.

Recorded name: Infezioni in Medicina

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Floridia M.; Weimer LE; Forte AL; Palange P.; Ciardi MR; Rovere-Querini P.; Agostoni P.; Barisione E.; Zucco S.; Andreozzi P.; Bonfanti P.; Figliozzi S.; Tosato M.; Lacedonia D.; Loso K.; Gnerre P.; di Rosolini MA; Toraldo DM; Martino GP; Vagheggini G.; Parati G.; Onder G.

Le infezioni in medicina. 2025;33(4):391-403.

—

Prospective Cohort

1,534

Any persisting symptom (at least one)

No significant difference

Italy

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

Recorded name: The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Earlier preprint: 10.1101/2022.12.21.22283753 Verification source Verification source

Carolyn T. Bramante; John B. Buse; David M. Liebovitz; Jacinda M. Nicklas; Michael A. Puskarich; Ken Cohen; Hrishikesh K. Belani; Blake J. Anderson; Jared D. Huling; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Jennifer L. Thompson; Matthew Pullen; Esteban Lemus Wirtz; Lianne K. Siegel; Jennifer L. Proper; David J. Odde; Nichole R. Klatt; Nancy E. Sherwood; Sarah M. Lindberg; Amy B. Karger; Kenneth B. Beckman; Spencer M. Erickson; Sarah L. Fenno; Katrina M. Hartman; Michael R. Rose; Tanvi Mehta; Barkha Patel; Gwendolyn Griffiths; Neeta S. Bhat; Thomas A. Murray; David R. Boulware; Blake Anderson; Riannon C. Atwater; Nandini Avula; Kenny B. Beckman; Hrishikesh K. Belani; David R. Boulware; Carolyn T. Bramante; Jannis Brea; Courtney A. Broedlow; John B. Buse; Paula Campora; Anup Challa; Jill Charles; Grace Christensen; Theresa Christiansen; Ken Cohen; Bo Connelly; Srijani Datta; Nikita Deng; Alex T. Dunn; Spencer M. Erickson; Faith M. Fairbairn; Sarah L. Fenno; Daniel J. Fraser; Regina D. Fricton; Gwen Griffiths; Aubrey A. Hagen; Katrina M. Hartman; Audrey F. Hendrickson; Jared D. Huling; Nicholas E. Ingraham; Arthur C. Jeng; Darrell M. Johnson; Amy B. Karger; Nichole R. Klatt; Erik A. Kuehl; Derek D. LaBar; Samuel Lee; David M. Liebovitz; Sarah Lindberg; Darlette G. Luke; Rosario Machicado; Zeinab Mohamud; Thomas A. Murray; Rumbidzai Ngonyama; Jacinda M. Nicklas; David J. Odde; Elliott Parrens; Daniela Parra; Barkha Patel; Jennifer L. Proper; Matthew F. Pullen; Michael A. Puskarich; Via Rao; Neha V. Reddy; Naveen Reddy; Katelyn J. Rypka; Hanna G. Saveraid; Paula Seloadji; Arman Shahriar; Nancy Sherwood; Jamie L. Siegart; Lianne K. Siegel; Lucas Simmons; Isabella Sinelli; Palak Singh; Andrew Snyder; Maxwell T. Stauffer; Jennifer Thompson; Christopher J. Tignanelli; Tannon L. Tople; Walker J. Tordsen; Ray HB Watson; Beiqing Wu; Adnin Zaman; Madeline R. Zolik; Lena Zinkl

The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2023;23(10).

Metformin, Ivermectin, Fluvoxamine

Factorial

1,431

Severe COVID-19 by day 14 (primary outcome, previously published)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Respiratory medicine.

Recorded name: Respiratory Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Naoki Fukunaga; Takanori Asakura; Hideki Terai; Hiromu Tanaka; Shuhei Azekawa; Shin Iizuka; Takuya Ozawa; Genta Nagao; Kensuke Nakagawara; Atsuho Morita; Akinari Atsumi; Kazuma Yagi; Masanori Kaji; Akihiko Ogata; Shunichiro Konishi; Emiko Matsuyama; Fumimaro Ito; Hatsuyo Takaoka; Lisa Shigematsu; Takashi Shimada; Shiro Otake; Keeya Sunata; Masahiko Okada; Takahiro Fukushima; Keiko Ohgino; Katsunori Masaki; Jun Miyata; Naoki Hasegawa; Shotaro Chubachi; Ho Namkoong; Koichi Fukunaga

Respiratory medicine. 2026;261:108914.

Systemic corticosteroids

Prospective Cohort

1,318

Long COVID symptoms

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Japan

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Scientific reports.

Recorded name: Scientific Reports

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Elisa Gentilotti; Anna Gorska; Maria Paola Cecchini; Massimo Mirandola; Marco Meroi; Pasquale De Nardo; Andrea Sartori; Chiara Konishi De Toffoli; Samir Kumar-Singh; Gianluigi Zanusso; Salvatore Monaco; Evelina Tacconelli; Mariana Nunes Pinho Guedes; Gaia Maccarrone; Lorenzo Maria Canziani; Ruth Joanna Davies; Stefania Vitali; Giorgia Tomassini; Benedetta Barana; Maria Diletta Pezzani; Marcella Sibani; Fulvia Mazzaferri; Alessia Savoldi; Elda Righi; Giorgia Franchina; Maria Mongardi; Simona Sorbello; Miriam Emiliani; Raffaella Cordioli; Alessio Esposito; Concetta Sciammarella; Giulia Rosini; Chiara Perlini; Filippo Cioli Puviani; Daniele Fasan; Alessandro Visentin; Salvatore Hermes Dall’O’; Chiara Zanchi; Maddalena Armellini; Enrico Gibbin; Laura Rovigo; Lorenzo Tavernaro; Matilde Rocchi; Rebecca Scardellato; Francesco Luca; Alessandro Castelli; Federico Lattanzi; Carmine Cutone; Anna Giulia Salvadori; Lucia Bonato; Lidia Del Piccolo; Maddalena Marcanti; Marco Pattaro Zonta; Deborah Calì; Anna Mason; Cinzia Perlini; Angelina Konnova; Akshita Gupta; Mathias Smet; An Hotterbeekx; Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar; Gabriella Scipione; Elisa Rossi; Salvatore Cataudella; Chiara Della Casa; Balasubramanian Chandramouli; Silvia Gioiosa; Juan Mata Naranjo; Maurizio Ortali; Riccardo Cecchetto; Davide Gibellini

Scientific reports. 2024;14(1).

—

Prospective Cohort

1,187

TDI score (Sniffin' Sticks Extended Test) — olfactory function

No significant difference

Italy

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of clinical medicine.

Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ivan J. Núñez-Gil; Gisela Feltes; María C. Viana-Llamas; Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin; Rodolfo Romero; Emilio Alfonso-Rodríguez; Aitor Uribarri; Francesco Santoro; Víctor Becerra-Muñoz; Martino Pepe; Alex F. Castro-Mejía; Jaime Signes-Costa; Adelina Gonzalez; Francisco Marín; Javier Lopez-País; Enrico Cerrato; Olalla Vázquez-Cancela; Carolina Espejo-Paeres; Álvaro López Masjuan; Lazar Velicki; Ibrahim El-Battrawy; Harish Ramakrishna; Antonio Fernandez-Ortiz; Julián Perez-Villacastín

Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(2):706.

COVID-19 vaccination

Prospective Cohort

1,163

All-cause mortality during follow-up

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of clinical and translational science.

Recorded name: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Carolyn Bramante; Esteban Wirtz; John Buse; David Boulware; Jacinda Nicklas; David Odde; Ken Cohen; Michael Puskarich; Christopher Tignanelli; Nichole Klatt; David Leibovitz; Hrishikesh Belani

Journal of clinical and translational science. 2024;7(s1).

metformin

Factorial

1,124

Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Long Covid

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

PloS one.

Recorded name: PLOS ONE

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ye-Seul Lee; Heejun Kim; Sunoh Kwon; Tae-Hun Kim

PloS one. 2024;19(11).

NSAID exposure during acute COVID-19

Case Control

1,009

Diagnosis of long COVID associated with acute NSAID exposure

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

South Korea

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.

Recorded name: Hypertension Research

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Takuya Ozawa; Ryusei Kimura; Hideki Terai; Ryo Takemura; Ho Namkoong; Masahiro Kondo; Keitaro Fukuda; Kazuma Yagi; Takanori Asakura; Katsunori Masaki; Shotaro Chubachi; Jun Miyata; Keiko Ohgino; Ichiro Kawada; Junko Kagyo; Toshio Odani; Naota Kuwahara; Ichiro Nakachi; Makoto Ishii; Yasunori Sato; Koichi Fukunaga

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. 2024;47(4).

Calcium Channel Blockers

Prospective Cohort

981

Any long COVID symptom (overall)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Japan

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Kelly A. Gebo; Sonya L. Heath; Yuriko Fukuta; Xianming Zhu; Sheriza Baksh; Alison G. Abraham; Feben Habtehyimer; David Shade; Jessica Ruff; Malathi Ram; Oliver Laeyendecker; Reinaldo E. Fernandez; Eshan U. Patel; Owen R. Baker; Shmuel Shoham; Edward R. Cachay; Judith S. Currier; Jonathan M. Gerber; Barry Meisenberg; Donald N. Forthal; Laura L. Hammitt; Moises A. Huaman; Adam Levine; Giselle S. Mosnaim; Bela Patel; James H. Paxton; Jay S. Raval; Catherine G. Sutcliffe; Shweta Anjan; Thomas Gniadek; Seble Kassaye; Janis E. Blair; Karen Lane; Nichol A. McBee; Amy L. Gawad; Piyali Das; Sabra L. Klein; Andrew Pekosz; Arturo Casadevall; Evan M. Bloch; Daniel Hanley; Aaron A.R. Tobian; David J. Sullivan

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2023.

COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma

RCT

882

Post-COVID Conditions (PCC) at day 90

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

EClinicalMedicine.

Recorded name: eClinicalMedicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Teresa H. Evering; Carlee Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Justin Ritz; David A. Wohl; Jonathan Z. Li; David Margolis; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Eric S. Daar; Davey M. Smith; Michael D. Hughes; Kara W. Chew; Kara Chew; David (Davey) Smith; Eric Daar; David Wohl; Judith Currier; Joseph Eron; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Michael Hughes; Carlee Moser; Mark Giganti; Justin Ritz; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Kelly Colsh; Irene Rwakazina; Justine Beck; Scott Sieg; Jonathan Li; Courtney Fletcher; William Fischer; Teresa H. Evering; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sandra Cardoso; Katya Corado; Prasanna Jagannathan; Nikolaus Jilg; Alan Perelson; Sandy Pillay; Cynthia Riviere; Upinder Singh; Babafemi Taiwo; Joan Gottesman; Matthew Newell; Susan Pedersen; Joan Dragavon; Cheryl Jennings; Brian Greenfelder; William Murtaugh; Jan Kosmyna; Morgan Gapara; Akbar Shahkolahi; David Margolis; Verónica Lacal; Diego Salusso; Sebastian Nuñez; Marcelo Rodrigo Rodriguez; Luciana Laborde; Marcelo Papasidero; Luis Wehbe; Mariana Gonzalez; Felicitas Fernandez Voena; Tomas Alvarez; Amaru Lopez; Virginia Huhn; Ulises D'Andrea Nores; Pablo Dieser; Fernando Bordese; Marisa Mussi; Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana; Adriana Aparecida Tiraboschi Bárbaro; Breno Santos; Rita de Cássia Alves Lira; Andre Luiz Machado da Silva; Sandra Wagner Cardoso; Maria Pia Diniz Ribeiro; Nathália Soliva; Eduardo Vasconcellos; Jorge Eurico Ribeiro; Miriam Amaral Enéas; Jorge Pinto; Julia Fonseca de Morais Caporali; Flávia Gomes Faleiro Ferreira; Norma Erendira Rivera Martinez; Victor Casildo Bohorquez Lopez; Melchor Victor Frias; Krystle Fetalvero; Alyxzza Maranan; Jennifer Rosa; Thomas Coetzer; Maureen Mohata; Umesh Lalloo; Sandy Pillay; Penelope Madlala; Larisha Pillay-Ramaya; Jaclyn Ann Bennet; Noluthando Mwelase; Nokuphiwa Mbhele; Frederick Petrick; Leonard Joubert; Rose Mbali; Natasha Joseph; Mmatsie Manentsa; Eugene van der Walt; Mduduzi Sandile Lawrance Masilela; Zinhle Zwane; Tendai Chiperera; Lerato Mohapi; Suri Moonsamy; Usha Singh; Kirsten McHarry; Elizma Snyman; Pieter Lennox; James Craig Innes; Oteng Letlape; Olebogeng Jonkane; William Brumskine; Tania Adonis; Ni Ni Sein; Modulakgotla Sebe; Yacoob Vahed; Nazreen Jeewa Hussen; Ismail Mitha; Vasundhara Cheekati; Purna Cheekati; Christie Lummus; Samuel Idarraga; Andrew Kim; David N. Pham; Wei-Hsin Kao; Michael M. Pfeffer; Miriam Batule Dominguez; Anju Malik; Anna Bryan; Melanie Arnold; Idania Fernandez; Cinzia Karpf; Aniuska Ruiz; David Taylor; Eric Folkens; Jennifer Manne; Sigal Yawetz; Cheryl Keenan; Emeka Eziri; Carl Fichtenbaum; Jenifer Baer; Sarah Trentman; Robert Call; Leroy Vaughan; Aaron Milstone; Jamie Alex Slandzicki; Jessica Wallan; Clinton Guillory; Nancy Andrews; Leslie Hughes; Teresa H. Evering; Jonathan Berardi; Celine Arar; Randall Quinn; Jorge P. Amaya; Marissa Gomez-Martinez; Luis Cantu; Monica Betancourt-Garcia; Nwora Lance Okeke; Charles M. Burns; Fadi Haddad; Victoria Haddad; Augusto Focil; Griselda Rosas; Susana Moyano; Yaneicy Gonzalez Rojas; Ahmad Aswad; Yevgeniy Bukhman; Manish Jain; Eugene Bukhman; Humam Farah; Rebekah McClain; Eric Daar; Sadia Shaik; Timothy Hatlen; Deepa Gotur; Joseph Surber; Jeffrey Kingsley; April Pixler; Alex Zopo; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Ramon Leon; Boris Nikolov; Fernando Gonzalez Vergara; Ana I. Gonzalez; Noemi Gonzalez; Michael Gelman; Olga Andriunas; Zarema Jagizarov; Jan Westerman; David Davis; Donna Sherer; Kelly Dooley; Becky Becker; Adaliah Wilkins; Jose Pérez; Eloy Roman; Heriberto Fernández; Bharat Mocherla; Kelly Beck; Valarie Maldonado; Jennifer Veltman; Rajesh Gandhi; Katrina Shea; Matthew Planchon; Laura Bogan Herpel; Kaushlendra K. Tripathi; Donald C. Day; John Pullman; Erin Williams-Leber; Misty Johnson; Michelle Hecker; Ann Avery; Keila Hoover; George W. Monlux; Elizabeth Juneja; Arthur Wernick; Karelia Ruiz; Maureen Hernández; Yadilys Pérez; Babafemi O. Taiwo; Claudia Hawkins; Baiba Berzins; Carlos Malvestutto; Heather Harber; Robyn Cicarella; Edwin DeJesus; Charlotte-Paige Rolle; Almena L. Free; Sallie D. Pulliam; Debra Weinstein; Rosa M. Suarez; Ezequiel Socorro; Estefania Socorro; Gene Neytman; Jack Herman; Craig Herman; Raymond Easley; Mariam Aziz; Joan Swiatek; Avish Nagpal; Breanna Kompelien; Kathryn McEvoy; Susan E. Hoover; Allison Lutz; Jessica Just; Manuel Hernandez; Yanly B. Victoria; Gabriel Rodriguez; Upinder Singh; Prasanna Jagannathan; Divya Pathak; Joshua J. Ordway; Megan Heffner; Patrick Weston; Khalilah Weston; Madhu Choudhary; Jennifer Sullivano; Olayemi Osiyemi; Myriam Izquierdo; Odelsey Torna; Brian Clemency; Renoj Varughese; Joshua Lynch; Kara Chew; Aleen Khodabakhshian; Samantha Fortier; Christopher Coyne; Alexandrea Cronin; Constance Benson; Steven Hendrickx; Rosemarie Ramirez; Anne Luetkemeyer; Suzanne Hendler; Dennis Dentoni-Lasofsky; Mobeen Rathore; Saniyyah Mahmoudi; Amna Riaz; Mario Castro; Leslie Spikes; Chase Hall; David Wohl; Jonathan Oakes; Amy James Loftis; Pablo Tebas; William Short; Michael P. Dube; Saahir Khan; Luis M. Mendez; Rachel Bender Ignacio; Sarah McGuffin; Chris Jonsson; Mamta K. Jain; Smruthi Senthil; Kimberly Turner-Gray; Sanjay Mehta; David (Davey) Smith; Mary Lewinski; Masoud Azizad; Christopher Chow; Lisa Nakatani; Derrick Williamson; Hisham Atriss; Matthew Caloura; Midhun Malla; Hannah Hazard-Jenkins; Aimee Wilkin; Jamraus Fayssoux; Hannah Seagle; Rachel Presti; Alem Haile

EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75.

Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab

RCT

847

Composite of Long COVID at week 36 or hospitalization or death by week 36

Favors treatment

United States, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa

Publication/indexing not checked

2024.

Remdesivir

Retrospective Cohort

755

Slope of eGFR decline from 30 days to 18 months

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Kompass Pneumologie

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Stefan Krüger

Kompass Pneumologie 2023;11(2).

Monoclonal antibodies or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2

Case Control

737

Occurrence of long COVID

Favors treatment

Italy

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Heliyon.

Recorded name: Heliyon

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yifan Hu; Dawei Huang; Yuxiong Jiang; Qian Yu; Jiajing Lu; Yangfeng Ding; Yuling Shi

Heliyon. 2024;10(2).

Ustekinumab

Cross Sectional

732

Confirmed COVID-19 infection during the study period

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

China

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

PloS one.

Recorded name: PLOS ONE

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Bumi Herman; Andrea Bruni; Ekachaeryanti Zain; Azhar Dzulhadj; Aye Chan Oo

PloS one. 2022;17(12):e0279184.

Favipiravir

Quasi-Experimental

712

Post-COVID depression within 60 days of onset/diagnosis (PHQ-9 score >4)

No significant difference

Indonesia

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Infection.

Recorded name: Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Paola Bertuccio; Melania Degli Antoni; Davide Minisci; Silvia Amadasi; Francesco Castelli; Anna Odone; Eugenia Quiros-Roldan

Infection. 2023;51(6).

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies, Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, molnupiravir, or short-course remdesivir

Retrospective Cohort

649

Death or hospitalization due to COVID-19 at 1 or 3 months

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Yu Wang; Danyang Zhao; Wenying Xiao; Jun Shi; Wei Chen; Qin Jia; Ying Zhou; Rongyu Wang; Xubo Chen; Liuliu Feng

Journal of medical virology. 2023;95(8).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Prospective Cohort

647

Long COVID (any sequela at 6 months post-discharge)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

China

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Depression and anxiety.

Recorded name: Depression and Anxiety

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Aenne S. von Falkenhausen; Antonia Gail; Scott Geipel; Clemens Scherer; Sven Stockhausen; Lauren E. Sams; Finn Becker; Steffen Massberg; Stefan Kääb; Moritz F. Sinner

Depression and anxiety. 2025;2025(1).

Smartwatch-based monitoring with telemedical support

RCT

607

Risk of depression at 12 months (screening positive)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Germany

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology.

Recorded name: Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Mariagrazia Palladini; Alessia A. Azzalin; Margherita Bessi; Rebecca De Lorenzo; Patrizia Rovere-Querini; Francesco Benedetti; Mario Gennaro Mazza

Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology. 2025;20(1).

Cytokine-Blocking Agents

Retrospective Cohort

588

Depressive symptom severity (ZSDS index score) — whole cohort, primary analysis

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis.

Recorded name: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust; Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi; Tania Dehesh; Nima Taefehshokr; Adel Sadeghdoust; Katarzyna Kotfis; Amirhossein Hashemiattar; Amir Ravandi; Neda Aligolighasemabadi; Omid Vakili; Beniamin Grabarek; Rafał Staszkiewicz; Marek J. Łos; Pooneh Mokarram; Saeid Ghavami

Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. 2023;71(1).

Statins

Prospective Cohort

518

Presence of cough during follow-up

No significant difference

Iran

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Berentschot JC; Martine Bek L.; Heijenbrok-Kal MH; van den Berg-Emons RJG; Ribbers GM; Aerts JGJV; Hellemons ME

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2024;142.

Tocilizumab or anakinra, Remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, or convalescent plasma

Prospective Cohort

502

Self-reported recovery (completely recovered)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Netherlands

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Scientific reports.

Recorded name: Scientific Reports

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Seth Congdon; Zev Narrowe; Nang Yone; Jacob Gunn; Yuting Deng; Priya Nori; Kelsie Cowman; Marjan Islam; Sharon Rikin; Joanna Starrels

Scientific reports. 2023;13(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

500

Presence of one or more long COVID symptoms (primary outcome)

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis.

Recorded name: Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Riccardo M. Fumagalli; Davide Voci; Behnood Bikdeli; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Gabor Forgo; Teresa Gerardi; Bernhard Gerber; Alexandru Grigorean; Frederikus A. Klok; Marc Righini; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Stefan Stortecky; Silvia Ulrich; Simon Wolf; Dörte Wyss; Lukas Hobohm; Nils Kucher; Stefano Barco; Stefano Barco; Davide Voci; Ulrike Held; Tim Sebastian; Roland Bingisser; Giuseppe Colucci; Daniel Duerschmied; André Frenk; Bernhard Gerber; Andrea Götschi; Stavros V. Konstantinides; François Mach; Helia Robert-Ebadi; Thomas Rosemann; Noemi R. Simon; Hervé Spechbach; David Spirk; Stefan Stortecky; Lukas Vaisnora; Marc Righini; Nils Kucher; Stéphanie Roth Zetzsche; Rebecca Spescha; Claudia Leeger; Yulia Butscheid; Eliane Probst; Evy Micieli; Gabor Forgo; Fabian Johner; Alexandru Grigorean; Georgios Vatsakis; Dagmar Keller Lang; Silvana Rampini Speck; Barbara Hasse; Marco Rueegg; Isabelle Arnold; Christian Nickel; Jeannette Busch; Marc Blondon; Frédéric Glauser; Micol G. Cittone; Chiara Kessler; Diona Gjermeni; Christoph B. Olivier; Nadine Gauchel; Paul Biever; Lukas Hobohm; Dorothea Becker; Marc Schindewolf; Arnaud Kuenzi; Silvia Ulrich

Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis. 2024;8(5).

Enoxaparin

RCT

475

All-cause hospitalization and death within 24 months

No significant difference

Switzerland, Germany

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Frontiers in immunology.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Immunology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Rongrong Dai; Qianhui Hua; Xinyu Liu; Lanxin Ma; Ruijing Bao; Huijun Lei; Pengfei Yu; Yuting Liao; Juan Yang; Su Han; Jianmin Jiang; Hangjie Zhang

Frontiers in immunology. 2026;17:1813716.

Covilo inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, three-dose monthly schedule, Covilo inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, delayed third-dose schedule

RCT

450

Symptoms of long COVID

No significant difference

China

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

Recorded name: QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Boglione L.; Meli G.; Poletti F.; Rostagno R.; Moglia R.; Cantone M.; Esposito M.; Scianguetta C.; Domenicale B.; Di Pasquale F.; Borrè S.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2021;114(12).

Remdesivir

Prospective Cohort

449

Overall post-COVID syndrome / long-COVID syndrome

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of clinical medicine.

Recorded name: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

César Fernández-de-las-Peñas; Anabel Franco-Moreno; María Ruiz-Ruigómez; Estibaliz Arrieta-Ortubay; Pablo Ryan-Murua; Carlos Lumbreras-Bermejo; Pablo del-Valle-Loarte; Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero; Juan Torres-Macho; Rocco Giordano; Lars Arendt-Nielsen

Journal of clinical medicine. 2025;14(9):3156.

Remdesivir

Prospective Cohort

432

Overall post-COVID-19 pain (any location, persisting ≥3 months)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Spain

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Viruses.

Recorded name: Viruses

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

César Fernández-de-las-Peñas; Anabel Franco-Moreno; María Ruiz-Ruigómez; Estibaliz Arrieta-Ortubay; Pablo Ryan-Murua; Carlos Lumbreras-Bermejo; Pablo del-Valle-Loarte; Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero; Rocco Giordano; Lars Arendt-Nielsen; Isabel Martín-Garrido; Juan Torres-Macho

Viruses. 2024;16(6):947.

Remdesivir

Case Control

432

At least one post-COVID symptom

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Spain

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMC infectious diseases.

Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Natalie L. Vawter; Job G. Godino; Sydney V. Lewis; Adam W. Northrup; Jane C. Samaniego; Jacqueline Y. Poblete; Jesus A. Guereca; Sydney P. Sharp; Eva Matthews; Noe C. Crespo; Pauline G. Lucatero; Monica M. Vidaurrazaga; Christian B. Ramers

BMC infectious diseases. 2023;23(1).

COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion

Prospective Cohort

411

Post-COVID Conditions prevalence (Definition 1: ≥1 symptom at D28+)

No significant difference

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Takumi Imamura; Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi; Norio Ohmagari; Yohei Doi; Yohei Doi; Masaya Yamato; Hiroki Sakaguchi; Hideki Yamanaka; Ryosuke Imaoka; Akimasa Fukushi; Genki Ichihashi; Yuko Tsuge; Takeki Uehara; Hiroshi Mukae

Open forum infectious diseases. 2025;12(Supplement_1).

Ensitrelvir

RCT

384

Proportion of patients with Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) for any of 27 prespecified symptoms

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Japan

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Frontiers in microbiology.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Microbiology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yilin Xu; Ming Lu; Yawei Li; Xiaoling Den; Dechang Peng; Fuqing Zhou; Anqi Li; Tieying Hou; Tianxin Xiang

Frontiers in microbiology. 2026;16:1733465.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Retrospective Cohort

372

One-year hospital readmission rate

Favors treatment

China

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

PloS one.

Recorded name: PLOS ONE

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Walker TA; Truong AD; Summers A.; Dixit AN; Goldstein FC; Hajjar I.; Echols MR; Woodruff MC; Lee ED; Tekwani S.; Carroll K.; Sanz I.; Lee FE; Han JE

PloS one. 2023;18(7).

—

Prospective Cohort

332

Fatigue (prevalence)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

International journal of general medicine.

Recorded name: International Journal of General Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Jillian Kallman Price; Lynn H. Gerber; Maria Stepanova; Leyla de Avila; Ali A. Weinstein; Huong Pham; Fatema Nader; Mariam Afendy; Kathy Terra; Patrick Austin; Wisna’odom Keo; Andrei Racila; James Michael Estep; Suzannah Gerber; Manisha Verma; Pegah Golabi; Brian P. Lam; Zobair Younossi

International journal of general medicine. 2023;Volume 16:1479-1490.

Bamlanivimab or Casirivimab/Imdevimab

Prospective Cohort

323

Number of PASC Symptoms (patient-reported)

Favors treatment

United States

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

Recorded name: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Shaahin Shahbazi; Erfan Shahbazi; Farid Zayeri; Zahra Vahdat Shariatpanahi

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. 2025;16(2).

bosentan

RCT

313

Occurrence of sarcopenia

Favors treatment

Iran

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Frontiers in medicine.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Akzhan M. Madenbayeva; Saulesh S. Kurmangaliyeva; Saltanat T. Urazayeva; Kairat B. Kurmangaliyev; Yerlan Sh. Bazargaliyev; Khatimya I. Kudabayeva

Frontiers in medicine. 2025;12:1556623.

QazVac (QazCovid-in) vaccine

Cross Sectional

307

Neurological clinical variant

Mixed

Kazakhstan

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

International journal of general medicine.

Recorded name: International Journal of General Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Adrien Chan Sui Ko; Alexandre Candellier; Marie Mercier; Cedric Joseph; Hortense Carette; Damien Basille; Sylvie Lion-Daolio; Stephanie Devaux; Jean-Luc Schmit; Jean-Philippe Lanoix; Claire Andrejak

International journal of general medicine. 2022;Volume 15:6645-6651.

Dexamethasone

Prospective Cohort

306

Presence of at least one persistent symptom at 4 months

No significant difference

France

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of global health.

Recorded name: Journal of Global Health

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Xueting Jin; Fangwu Wei; Srinivasa Srivatsav Kandala; Gilberto Lopez; Manfred D. Laubichler; Tanya Bils; Rui Li; Ramesh Gorantla

Journal of global health. 2026;16:04162.

Long COVID educational videos

Quasi-Experimental

300

Long COVID knowledge score

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMC pulmonary medicine.

Recorded name: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Mari Roël; Anna Schandl; Sandra Jonmarker; Anders Hedman; Gisela Vogel; Eva Joelsson-Alm; Maria Cronhjort; Pernilla Darlington

BMC pulmonary medicine. 2025;25(1).

Dexamethasone

Prospective Cohort

286

Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % of predicted

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Sweden

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Discover Public Health

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Taciana de Oliveira; Carla Carneiro Rola Gomes Barbosa; Aline Magalhães-Gonçalves; Rafael Vieira-Duarte; Sara Custódio Martins; Breno Bernardes-Souza; Luiz Antônio Alves de Menezes-Júnior; Mariângela Carneiro; Alexandre Barbosa Reis; Wendel Coura-Vital

Discover Public Health 2025;22(1).

Physical rehabilitation requirement after COVID-19

Case Control

284

Need for physical rehabilitation after COVID-19

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Brazil

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Hyunah Yoon; Yi Li; Keith S. Goldfeld; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Julie V. Philley; Mahalia S. Desruisseaux; Marla J. Keller; Judith S. Hochman; Liise-anne Pirofski; Mila B. Ortigoza; Judith S. Hochman; Bruce N. Cronstein; Deborah Keeling; Norka Rappoport; Jenna Saraga; James Holahan; Mila B. Ortigoza; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Gia F. Cobb; Rakshit Andela; Yousef Darwish; Monica R. Taveras; Patrick S. Xin; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Keith S. Goldfeld; Yi Li; Mila B. Ortigoza; Mary L. O'Keeffe; Gia F. Cobb; Caroline L. Sturm-Reganato; Fatema Z. Rahman; Adeyinka O. Ajayi; Sara L. Rodriguez; Eduardo Iturrate; Jacqueline M. Gallagher; Ololade E. Thomas; Danibel Ramos; Charlotte C. Fong; Liise-anne Pirofski; Hyunah Yoon; Marla J. Keller; Andrea A. Asencio; Isaiah Eke; James Castro; Jidong Shan; Alex Chalco; Jeff LaFleur; Levi Cleare; Mahalia Desruisseaux; Grace M. Cortezzo; Erica Rocco; Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge; Catherine Parmelee; Gina Solomon; Staci Cahil; Dushyantha T. Jayaweera; Chin Chin Lee; Daru L. Ransford; Deniz Dasmany; Andres Corona; Kenia Moreno; Gledys L. Martinez; Christopher Otero; David D. McPherson; Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner; Bela Patel; Masayuki Nigo; Ryan M. Huebinger; Goutham Dronavalli; Carolyn Z. Grimes; Virginia E. Umana; Maria D. Hernandez; Laura E. Nielsen; Taylor P. Stutz; Mehriban Mammadova; Andrew N. Dentino; Timothy R. Heath; Jessica G. Martin; Fatimah O. Bello; Erik Hinojosa; Julie V. Philley; Megan S. Devine; Rebekah L. Hibbard; Anne M. Ford

Open forum infectious diseases. 2024;11(1).

COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma

Prospective Cohort

281

General symptoms (fever or fatigue) at 18 months

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

Recorded name: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Naomi J. Patel; Claire Cook; Kathleen Vanni; Xiaoqing Fu; Xiaosong Wang; Yumeko Kawano; Grace Qian; Buuthien Hang; Shruthi Srivatsan; Emily P. Banasiak; Emily Kowalski; Katarina Bade; Yuqing Zhang; Jeffrey A. Sparks; Zachary S. Wallace

Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2023;82(4).

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (completed primary series before infection)

Prospective Cohort

280

CDC Definition of PASC (COVID-19 symptoms lasting at least 28 days post-COVID-19 infection)

Favors treatment

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Nutrients.

Recorded name: Nutrients

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Teresa Maria Tomasa-Irriguible; Ramon Monfà; Cristina Miranda-Jiménez; Rosa Morros; Neus Robert; Luisa Bordejé-Laguna; Sandra Vidal; Pere Torán-Monserrat; Ana Maria Barriocanal

Nutrients. 2024;16(11):1631.

Multiple micronutrient supplement

RCT

267

Incidence of Post-Acute COVID-19 Condition (PCC) at 6 months

No significant difference

Spain

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

PloS one.

Recorded name: PLOS ONE

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Imad M. Tleyjeh; Basema Saddik; Nourah AlSwaidan; Ahmed AlAnazi; Rakhee K. Ramakrishnan; Deema Alhazmi; Ahmad Aloufi; Fahad AlSumait; Elie Berbari; Rabih Halwani

PloS one. 2021;16(12).

Lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin + interferon beta-1b

Prospective Cohort

222

New or persistent symptoms at follow-up

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Saudi Arabia

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of ginseng research.

Recorded name: Journal of Ginseng Research

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

In-Ho Seo; Byoungjin Park; Heejung Kim; Seok-Jae Heo; Dong-Hyuk Jung

Journal of ginseng research. 2025;49(4).

G1899 Korean Red Ginseng Extract Powder

RCT

220

Anti-S-Ab levels

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

South Korea

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Carlo Brogna; Luigi Montano; Maria Elisabetta Zanolin; Domenico Rocco Bisaccia; Gianluca Ciammetti; Valentina Viduto; Mark Fabrowski; Abdul M. Baig; Joachim Gerlach; Iapicca Gennaro; Elio Bignardi; Barbara Brogna; Aquilino Frongillo; Simone Cristoni; Marina Piscopo

Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(3).

Early Antibiotic Therapy

Retrospective Cohort

211

Duration of COVID-19 illness (time to clinical recovery)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of translational medicine.

Recorded name: Journal of Translational Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Yuefei Pan; Mengqi Yuan; Le Song; Weiqi Yao; Junli He; Qiong Mo; Ning Zheng; Ziying Zhang; Tengyun Dong; Kaidi Zhu; Zeyi Zhang; Jiaqi Xiong; Jinghui Dong; Jianzeng Zhang; Mengmeng Zhang; Chao Zhang; Yuanyuan Li; Limin Liu; Jing Li; Yunbo Xie; Ming Shi; Lei Huang; Zhe Xu; Yu Zhang; Bo Zhang; Lei Shi; Fu-Sheng Wang

Journal of translational medicine. 2026;24(1):435.

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Prospective Cohort

210

Chronic fatigue-like syndrome

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

China

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

Nature communications.

Recorded name: Nature Communications

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Saana Horstia; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Jussi M. J. Mustonen; Ilkka E. J. Kalliala; Hanna Ansakorpi; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Pauliina Kuutti; Juuso Paajanen; Seppo Parkkila; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Markus Perola; Negar Pourjamal; Andreas Renner; Tuomas Rosberg; Taija Rutanen; Joni Savolainen; Tero Ala-Kokko; Jaakko Antonen; Jutta Delany; Heikki Ekroos; Riina Hankkio; Mia Haukipää; Iivo Hetemäki; Pia Holma; Ville Holmberg; Ville Jalkanen; Jenni Jouppila; Toni Jämsänen; Juuso Järventie; Petrus Järvinen; Heikki Kauma; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Riitta Komulainen; Ilari Kuitunen; Satu M. H. Lamminmäki; Tiina M. Mattila; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Laura K. Mäkinen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Gitte Määttä; Joni Niskanen; Taina Nykänen; Miro Nyqvist; Terhi Partanen; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Emmi Puusti; Emma Reponen; Sari Risku; Mari Saalasti; Päivi Salonen; Marjatta U. Sinisalo; Katariina Sivenius; Petrus Säilä; Susanna Tuominen; Jari K. Haukka; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. O. Tikkinen

Nature communications. 2022;13(1).

remdesivir

RCT

208

Self-reported recovery from COVID-19 infection: fully or largely recovered

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Finland

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Saana Horstia; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Jussi Mustonen; Ilkka Kalliala; Hanna Ansakorpi; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Pauliina Kuutti; Juuso Paajanen; Seppo Parkkila; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Markus Perola; Negar Pourjamal; Andreas Renner; Tuomas Rosberg; Taija Rutanen; Joni Savolainen; Jari K. Haukka; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. Tikkinen

Open forum infectious diseases. 2022;9(Supplement_2).

remdesivir

RCT

208

Self-reported recovery (fully or largely)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Finland

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Farmat︠s︡ii︠a︡ i farmakologii︠a︡.

Recorded name: Pharmacy & Pharmacology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Balykova, Larisa A.; Zaslavskaya, Kira Y.; Taganov, Aleхey V.; Bely, P. A.; Radaeva, Oa; Negodnova, E. V.; Mashnina, S. V.; Bessheinov, D. D.; Iskandyarova, M. S.; Eremeev, V. V.; Chumakov, N. M.

Farmat︠s︡ii︠a︡ i farmakologii︠a︡. 2022;10(2).

Favipiravir

Prospective Cohort

190

Stroke (ACVE) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) events

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Russia

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Polytechnic Journal

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Hadi Mohammad; Tariq Sadeq; Media Ismail; Swar O. Ahmed; Zana Ameen

Polytechnic Journal 2024;14(1).

Multi-component dietary supplement protocol (probiotics, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, quercetin) plus low-carbohydrate diet

Prospective Cohort

183

COVID symptom score (overall)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Iraq, United Kingdom, multiple countries

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

International journal of high dilution research.

Recorded name: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Harleen Kaur; Ramesh Bawaskar; Tania Chatterjee; Gurpreet Singh; Anurag Bajpai; Shweta Singh; Twinkle Kaur Bhogal; Mohammad Yamin Khan; Sunil S. Ramteke; Subhash Kaushik

International journal of high dilution research. 2025;25(cf):417-430.

Individualised homoeopathy

Cross Sectional

167

Post-COVID Functional Status Scale (PCFS) grade 0 (no functional limitations)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

India

Preprint; no published version known · Journal indexing not applicable

medRxiv

Match: preprint_not_journal; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source Verification source

Alex L. E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P. O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M. J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Solidarity Finland Investigators; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E. J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A. O. Tikkinen

medRxiv 2024.

Imatinib

RCT

156

All-cause mortality at 30 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Finland

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Journal of infection.

Recorded name: Journal of Infection

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Alex L.E. Halme; Sanna Laakkonen; Jarno Rutanen; Olli P.O. Nevalainen; Marjatta Sinisalo; Saana Horstia; Jussi M.J. Mustonen; Negar Pourjamal; Aija Vanhanen; Tero Ala-Kokko; Maarit Gockel; Susanna Haapanen; Mia Haukipää; Sanna Lehtonen; Eeva-Maija Nieminen; Joni Niskanen; Jarmo Oksi; Ulla Otava; Taija Rutanen; Petri Salmela; Joni Savolainen; Susanna Tuominen; Henri Vartiainen; Heli Ylä-Outinen; Tuomas Rosberg; Andreas Renner; Markus Perola; Erja-Leena Paukkeri; Riitta-Liisa Patovirta; Seppo Parkkila; Juuso Paajanen; Taina Nykänen; Jarkko Mäntylä; Marjukka Myllärniemi; Tiina Mattila; Maarit K. Leinonen; Alvar Külmäsu; Pauliina Kuutti; Ilari Kuitunen; Hanna-Riikka Kreivi; Tuomas P. Kilpeläinen; Heikki Kauma; Ilkka E.J. Kalliala; Petrus Järvinen; Riina Hankkio; Taina Hammarén; Thijs Feuth; Hanna Ansakorpi; Riikka Ala-Karvia; Gordon H. Guyatt; Kari A.O. Tikkinen

The Journal of infection. 2024;89(3).

Imatinib

RCT

156

All-cause mortality at 30 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Finland

Publication/indexing not checked

Steroids

Retrospective Cohort

152

Mini-Mental State Examination total score

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Italy

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

Recorded name: The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Oddvar Oppegaard; Bjørn Blomberg; Rebecca Jane Cox; Arild Iversen; Nikolai Norevik Myklebust; Marte Glambek; Camilla Tøndel; Tuva Børresdatter Dahl; Tori Friis; Elise Mjøs; Marianne Emblem Lehmann; Axel Sandvig; Vibeke Devold; Maja Wilhelmsen; Marius Trøseid; Rolv Terje Lie; Pål Aukrust; Nina Langeland; Peter Szodoray; Katrine Sjaastad Hanssen; Marte Wilson; Oddvar Kaarbøe; Isabelle Torp Meszaros; Jan Stefan Olofsson; André Minde; Lin Sørensen; Karolina Poltorak

The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2026.

Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir

RCT

144

Long COVID at 3 months (presence of at least one cardinal symptom: fatigue, dyspnoea, memory impairment, or concentration problems)

Favors treatment

Norway

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

BMC infectious diseases.

Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Hong Tham Pham; Tuong-Anh Mai-Phan; Kim-Huong Truong-Nguyen; Minh-Hoang Tran

BMC infectious diseases. 2024;24(1).

Antiviral (Molnupiravir, Remdesivir, or Favipiravir) + Standard of Care

Retrospective Cohort

142

Residual respiratory symptoms lasting >7 days

No significant difference

Vietnam

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

V. I. Podzolkov; Ilya I. Shvedov; Nino A. Dzhaiani; Anna E. Bragina

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2026;22(1):30-36.

Levilimab, olokizumab, or baricitinib

Prospective Cohort

129

Development of post-COVID syndrome according to WHO criteria within 6 months after hospital discharge

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Russia

Publication/indexing not checked

2021.

Enoxaparin

Prospective Cohort

125

Normal SF-36 physical health component (score ≥50)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Russia

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Clinical and experimental medicine.

Recorded name: Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

John Davelaar; Naomi Jessurun; Gerko Schaap; Christina Bode; Harald Vonkeman

Clinical and experimental medicine. 2023;23(8).

Corticosteroids, Antibiotics, Anticoagulants

Retrospective Cohort

123

Post-COVID-19 syndrome at 6 months post-discharge

No significant difference

Netherlands

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Communications medicine.

Recorded name: Communications Medicine

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Thale D. J. Hovdun Patrick-Brown; Andreas Barratt-Due; Marius Trøseid; Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Katerina Nezvalova-Henriksen; Trine Kåsine; Pål Aukrust; Inge C. Olsen

Communications medicine. 2024;4(1).

remdesivir

RCT

118

CAT fatigue at 3 months

No significant difference

Norway

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of intensive care.

Recorded name: Journal of Intensive Care

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Teresa Michi; Chiara Mattana; Luca S. Menga; Maria Grazia Bocci; Melania Cesarano; Tommaso Rosà; Maria Rosaria Gualano; Jonathan Montomoli; Savino Spadaro; Matteo Tosato; Elisabetta Rota; Francesco Landi; Salvatore L. Cutuli; Eloisa S. Tanzarella; Gabriele Pintaudi; Edoardo Piervincenzi; Giuseppe Bello; Tommaso Tonetti; Paola Rucci; Gennaro De Pascale; Salvatore M. Maggiore; Domenico Luca Grieco; Giorgio Conti; Massimo Antonelli; Riccardo Maviglia; Giovanna Mercurio; Paolo De Santis; Mariano Alberto Pennisi; Gian Marco Anzellotti; Flavia Torrini; Carlotta Rubino; Tony C. Morena; Veronica Gennenzi; Stefania Postorino; Joel Vargas; Nicoletta Filetici; Donatella Settanni; Miriana Durante; Laura Cascarano; Mariangela Di Muro; Roberta Scarascia; Maria Maddalena Bitondo; Martina Murdolo; Alessandro Mele; Serena Silva; Carmelina Zaccone; Francesca Pozzana; Alessio Maccaglia; Martina Savino; Antonella Potalivo; Francesca Ceccaroni; Angela Scavone; Gianmarco Lombardi; Giuseppe Bello; Luca Montini; Antonio Maria Dell’Anna; Carlo Alberto Volta; Vito M. Ranieri; Giulia Falò; Simone Carelli; Daniele Natalini; Cecilia Berardi; Luca Delle Cese; Luigi Vetrugno; Eleonora Balzani

Journal of intensive care. 2023;11(1).

Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation

RCT

109

Percentage of patients with any symptoms at 6-month follow-up

No significant difference

Italy

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Scientific reports.

Recorded name: Scientific Reports

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Tøri Vigeland Lerum; Niklas Nyboe Maltzahn; Pål Aukrust; Marius Trøseid; Katerina Nezvalova Henriksen; Trine Kåsine; Anne-Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Birgitte Stiksrud; Mette Haugli; Bjørn Blomberg; Bård Reiakvam Kittang; Asgeir Johannessen; Raisa Hannula; Saad Aballi; Anders Benjamin Kildal; Ragnhild Eiken; Tuva Børresdatter Dahl; Fridtjof Lund-Johansen; Fredrik Müller; Jezabel Rivero Rodriguez; Carin Meltzer; Gunnar Einvik; Thor Ueland; Inge Christoffer Olsen; Frank Olav Pettersen; Aleksander Rygh Holten; Kristian Tonby; Dag Henrik Reikvam; Kjerstin Røstad; Synne Jenum; Liv Hesstvedt; Eline Brenno Vaage; Anette Kolderup; Trung Tran; Jan Terje Andersen; Mona Holberg-Petersen; Simreen Kaur Johal; Åse Berg; Anders Tveita; Gernot Ernst; Lars Heggelund; Lars Thoresen; Karl Erik Müller; Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff; Roy Bjørkholt Olsen; Ane-Krisitne Finbråten; Hedda Hoel; Alexander Mathiessen; Leif Erik Vinge; Lena Bugge Nordberg; Ravinea Manotheepan; Grethe-Elisabeth Stenvik; Hans Schmidt Rasmussen; Ruth Foseide Thorkildsen; Pawel Mielnik; Lan Ai Kieu Le; Carl Magnus Ystrøm; Richard Alexander Molvik; Nina Vibeche Skei; Olav Dalgard; Bjørn Åsheim-Hansen; Anne Marie Halstensen; Jorunn Brynhildsen; Waleed Ghanima; Vegard Skogen; Krisine Greve Isdahl Mohn; Reidar Kvåle; Nina Langeland; Lise Tuset Gustad; Lars Mølgaard Saxhaug; Cathrine Fladeby; Susanne Dudman; Anne Steffensen; Andreas Barratt-Due; Trond Mogens Aaløkken; Ole Henning Skjønsberg

Scientific reports. 2021;11(1).

Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine

RCT

108

CAT-score (COPD Assessment Test score)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Norway

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Archives of dermatological research.

Recorded name: Archives of Dermatological Research

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Nermeen Ibrahim Bedair; Alaa Safwat Abdelaziz; Fatemaalzahraa Saad Abdelrazik; Mohamed El-kassas; Mohamed Hussein AbouHadeed

Archives of dermatological research. 2024;316(6):336.

Post-COVID telogen effluvium

Case Control

100

Serum ferritin level

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Egypt

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

BMC infectious diseases.

Recorded name: BMC Infectious Diseases

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Ramin Hamidi Farahani; Ali Ajam; Alireza Ranjbar Naeini

BMC infectious diseases. 2023;23(1).

Fluvoxamine

RCT

100

Fatigue

Favors treatment

Iran

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Brain, behavior, & immunity - health.

Recorded name: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Harmke B. Duindam; Roy P.C. Kessels; Bram van den Borst; Peter Pickkers; Wilson F. Abdo

Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. 2022;25.

Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone + Tocilizumab

Prospective Cohort

96

Dichotomized cognitive impairment (impaired on 2+ tests)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Netherlands

Publication/indexing not checked

dexamethasone

Case Control

87

Total ongoing symptom burden at 8-month follow-up

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United Kingdom

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ignacio Pérez Catalán; Celia Roig Martí; Daniela Palomo de la Sota; Alejandro Cardenal Álvarez; Maria José Esteve Gimeno; Sergio Fabra Juana; Germán Herrero Rodríguez; Elena Domínguez Bajo; Nuria Tornador Gaya; Jorge Usó Blasco; Jose Manuel Ramos Rincón

Journal of medical virology. 2022;94(1).

Systemic corticosteroids

Prospective Cohort

76

Number of persistent symptoms at 1 year

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Spain

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Rehabilitation and Recreation

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Yu. V. Korota; O. B. Nekhanevych

Rehabilitation and Recreation 2023;2023(17):85-91.

Physical therapy rehabilitation program

RCT

60

SF-36 physical functioning (PH)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Ukraine

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Life.

Recorded name: Life

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Haydee Ninette Morales-Vazquez; David Cardona-Müller; Fernando Grover-Paez; Carlos Gerardo Ramos-Becerra; Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz; Maria Guadalupe Ramos-Zavala; Jaime Carmona-Huerta; Jorge Eduardo Hernandez-del-Rio; Tomas Miranda-Aquino; Christian Gonzalez-Padilla; Christopher Josue Lopez-Gradilla

Life. 2026;16(2):319.

—

Cross Sectional

59

Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia during post-COVID-19 phase

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Mexico

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Therapeutic advances in infectious disease.

Recorded name: Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Kazuko Yamamoto; Naoki Iwanaga; Asuka Umemura; Toyomitsu Sawai; Makoto Sumiyoshi; Kohji Hashiguchi; Yusuke Mori; Hiroshi Ishii; Yoji Futsuki; Maiko Kiyohara; Kenji Ota; Kosuke Kosai; Daisuke Sasaki; Yuki Takamatsu; Shingo Inoue; Kouichi Morita; Shin Tsutsui; Kazuto Ashizawa; Takahiro Takazono; Noriho Sakamoto; Naoki Hosogaya; Masato Tashiro; Takeshi Tanaka; Koichi Izumikawa; Katsunori Yanagihara; Hiroshi Mukae

Therapeutic advances in infectious disease. 2026;13:20499361261431488.

Clarithromycin

RCT

56

Days to 50% reduction in total severity score (primary endpoint)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Japan

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Microorganisms.

Recorded name: Microorganisms

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Maria Letizia Giancola; Andrea Fontana; Concetta Panebianco; Antonio Mazzarelli; Alessia Beccacece; Patrizia De Marco; Giovanna Cocomazzi; Chiara De Giuli; Germana Grassi; Carla Fontana; Giorgio Maria Baldini; Viviana Contu; Massimiliano Copetti; Francesco Perri; Emanuele Nicastri; Valerio Pazienza

Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1443.

Kebirah® multi-strain synbiotic formula

RCT

52

Chao1 index (species richness)

No significant difference

Italy

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

Stem cell research & therapy.

Recorded name: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Lei Shi; You Zheng; Zhi Cheng; Ningfei Ji; Changming Niu; Yan Wang; Tingrong Huang; Ruyou Li; Mao Huang; Xiaolin Chen; Lei Shu; Mingjing Wu; Kaili Deng; Jing Wei; Xueli Wang; Yang Cao; Jiaxin Yan; Ganzhu Feng

Stem cell research & therapy. 2022;13(1).

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

RCT

41

Fatigue

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

China

Journal-published · Indexing unknown

Indian Journal of ECMO

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

Verification source

Diptasree Ray; Muhammed Shereef K.; Dipanjan Chatterjee

Indian Journal of ECMO 2025;3(4):153-163.

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Retrospective Cohort

38

Mortality at 3 years from ECMO initiation

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

India

Publication status unverified · MEDLINE journal

Stem cell research & therapy.

Recorded name: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Carmen Lúcia Kuniyoshi Rebelatto; Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia; Claudio Luciano Franck; Debora Regina Daga; Patrícia Shigunov; Marco Augusto Stimamiglio; Daniela Boscaro Marsaro; Bruna Schaidt; Andressa Micosky; Ana Paula de Azambuja; Cleverson Alex Leitão; Ricardo Rasmussen Petterle; Valderez Ravaglio Jamur; Isadora May Vaz; Antônio Paulo Mallmann; Hipólito Carraro Junior; Eduardo Ditzel; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; Alejandro Correa

Stem cell research & therapy. 2022;13(1).

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UC-MSCs)

RCT

17

Adverse events (infusion-related, within 24h)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Brazil

Publication status unverified · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Frontiers in medicine.

Recorded name: Frontiers in Medicine

Match: exact_title_or_verified_alias; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

NLM journal record Verification source

Barros, Camila Miriam Suemi Sato; Freire, Raissa Soares; Frota, Elisângela; Rezende Santos, Anna Gabriela; Farias, Maria Eduarda Leão; Rodrigues, Maria Gabriela Almeida; Silva, Bernardo Maia; Prado Jeronimo, Christiane Maria; Netto, Rebeca Linhares Abreu; Silva Borba, Mayla Gabriela; Baía-da-Silva, Djane; Brito-Sousa, José Diego; Xavier, Mariana Simão; Araújo-Alexandre, Marcia Almeida; Sampaio, Vanderson Souza; Melo, Gisely Cardoso; Arêas, Guilherme Tinoco; Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahão; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Gomes Naveca, Felipe; Costa, Fábio Trindade Maranhão; Val, Fernando Fonseca Almeida; Lacerda, Marcus Vinícius Guimarães; The Metcovid Team

Frontiers in medicine. 2021;8:758405.

methylprednisolone sodium succinate

RCT

—

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Favors treatment

Brazil

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

Recorded name: International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Hyejin Joo; Eunji Kim; Kyungmin Huh; Gi Hwan Bae; Hyungmin Lee; Jungyeon Kim; Dong-Hwi Kim; Min-Gyu Yoo; Il Uk Jo; Poong Hoon Lee; Geun Woo Lee; Hee Sun Jung; Jaehun Jung

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2025;154.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)

Retrospective Cohort

—

Heart failure and cardiomyopathies (PASC)

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

South Korea

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Wiadomości lekarskie : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego.

Recorded name: Wiadomości Lekarskie

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Igor V. Kireyev; Natalia V. Zhabotynska; Inna M. Vladimirova; Lilia V. Ocheredko

Wiadomości lekarskie : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2021;74(5):1104-1108.

Physical exercise plus brain activity stimulators

Quasi-Experimental

—

No signs of asthenic syndrome

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

Ukraine

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Jheng‐Yan Wu; Chia‐Chen Chen; Mei‐Yuan Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Ting‐Hui Liu; Sung Pin‐Chien; Po‐Yu Huang; Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Mei‐Chuan Lee; Kuo‐Chuan Hung; Tsung Yu; Chih‐Cheng Lai

Journal of medical virology. 2024;96(5).

—

Other

—

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Open forum infectious diseases.

Recorded name: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Keya Joshi; Michele Kohli; Michael Maschio; Amy Lee; Nicolas Van de Velde; Ekkehard Beck

Open forum infectious diseases. 2026;13(Supplement_1).

mRNA-1283 vaccine

Quasi-Experimental

—

Long COVID cases prevented

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Brain communications.

Recorded name: Brain Communications

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Maxime Taquet; Paul J. Harrison

Brain communications. 2022;4(4).

Phenytoin

Retrospective Cohort

—

Post-COVID cognitive deficits (composite) — phenytoin vs. levetiracetam

Favors treatment

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Journal of medical virology.

Recorded name: Journal of Medical Virology

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Min‐Hsiang Chuang; Jheng‐Yan Wu; Ting‐Hui Liu; Wan‐Hsuan Hsu; Ya‐Wen Tsai; Po‐Yu Huang; Chih‐Cheng Lai

Journal of medical virology. 2023;95(4).

—

Other

—

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · Not currently MEDLINE-indexed

Journal of clinical and translational science.

Recorded name: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Steve Johnson; Carolyn Bramante; Til Stürmer; John Buse; Talia Wiggen; Jared Huling; Andrew Toler

Journal of clinical and translational science. 2025;9(s1):175-176.

—

Other

—

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Diabetes care.

Recorded name: Diabetes Care

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Steven G. Johnson; Sajjad Abedian; Til Stürmer; Jared D. Huling; Colby Lewis V.; John B. Buse; Shari B. Brosnahan; Praveen C. Mudumbi; Kristine M. Erlandson; Grace A. McComsey; Jonathan Arnold; Talia D. Wiggen; Rachel Wong; Shawn Murphy; Clifford Rosen; Rainu Kaushal; Mark G. Weiner; Carolyn Bramante

Diabetes care. 2024;47(11):1930-1940.

Metformin

Retrospective Cohort

—

PASC (U09.9 ICD-10 code) cumulative incidence by 180 days

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

United States

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

The Journal of infectious diseases.

Recorded name: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Teresa H. Evering; Carlee B. Moser; Nikolaus Jilg; Eunice Yeh; Busola Sanusi; David A. Wohl; Eric S. Daar; Jonathan Z. Li; Paul Klekotka; Arzhang Cyrus Javan; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Michael D. Hughes; Davey M. Smith; Kara W. Chew; Lara Hosey; Jhoanna Roa; Nilam Patel; Robert Coombs; Alexander Greninger; Emily Degli-Angeli; Erin Goecker; Glenda Daza; Socorro Harb; Joan Dragavon; Grace Aldrovandi; William Murtaugh; Marlene Cooper; Howard Gutzman; Kevin Knowles; Rachel Bowman; Bill Erhardt; Lorraine Waring; Diane Hessinger; Stacey Adams; Asha R. Kallianpur

The Journal of infectious diseases. 2023;228(Supplement_2).

—

Unknown

—

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Recorded name: Clinical Infectious Diseases

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Ubonphan Chaichana; Kenneth K. C. Man; Chengsheng Ju; Janine Makaronidis; Li Wei

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2025.

—

Unknown

—

Outcomes not reported

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Publication status unverified · Indexing unknown

Journal unknown

Match: unresolved; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: unknown.

Zhang, Ning

2026.

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Prospective Cohort

—

Long COVID onset

No directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)

—

Journal-published · MEDLINE journal

Nature communications.

Recorded name: Nature Communications

Match: issn; indexing snapshot: 2026-09-05. Publication checked: 2026-09-05.

NLM journal record Verification source Verification source

Zihao Guo; Yuchen Wei; Guozhang Lin; Katherine Min Jia; Christopher Boyer; Huwen Wang; Conglu Li; Chi Tim Hung; Carrie Ho Kwan Yam; Tsz Yu Chow; Shi Zhao; Kehang Li; Aimin Yang; Chris Ka Pun Mok; David SC Hui; Eng Kiong Yeoh; Ka Chun Chong

Nature communications. 2025;17(1).

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir (Lagevrio)

Retrospective Cohort

—

Cardiovascular mortality (short-term, day 0-21) — nirmatrelvir/ritonavir trial

No significant difference

Hong Kong

Long Covid — Prevention Trials

Prevention trials by intervention (n = 164)

Matching prevention reports (150)