← Bird's Eye Reviews

Long Covid Clinical Trials

A bird's eye view of 326 clinical trials testing interventions for Long Covid.

Trials by publication year

Trials by country

0
46trials

Long Covid definition variability

Only 63% of trials require symptoms persisting ≥12 weeks (WHO standard)

Meets WHO definition (≥12 weeks)Below WHO threshold

Trials by intervention category

Each segment is one intervention — hover for name

Rehabilitation68Supplement61Exercise55Other33Neurostimulation25Respiratory Therapy22Psychological20Device17Immunomodulator12Oxygen Therapy11Anti-Inflammatory9Probiotic9Cell Therapy7Antiviral4Psychoeducation/Self-Management1Brain Stimulation1

Trials by primary symptom domain

Evidence landscape

Intervention category × symptom domain (cell = number of trials)

CognitiveCompositeDyspneaExercise CapacityFatigueFunctionalMental HealthOlfactoryOtherOverallPainQuality Of LifeSleep
Anti-Inflammatory––111––52––––
Antiviral––1–1––––3–1–
Cell Therapy––1–2––2–––––
Device2––13–––5––––
Exercise––9245–2–10535–
Immunomodulator––2–3–––42–––
Neurostimulation4–118–1–3–211
Other3–3–6–3311532–
Oxygen Therapy2–21––––22–––
Probiotic1–113–1–241–1
Psychological3–––319––1132
Rehabilitation6–111971731437131
Respiratory Therapy––78––––51–3–
Supplement5126142671511742

Blinding type vs. statistical significance

Open-label trials tend to report more positive results

All Trials

326 trials match

Paper Intervention CategoryN ↓Outcome # Out+ Sig− / NSUnk% Pos RoB
10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103760Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)Supplement1747—4——40%Some concerns
10.2196/49342Diagnostic assessment plus tailored digital interventions plus personal pilot supportRehabilitation1020Significant (p=0.00)32—167%Some concerns
10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102787amubarvimab/romlusevimabImmunomodulator847Favors control (p=0.01)17—980%Some concerns
10.1155/da/9989990Smartwatch-based monitoring with telemedical supportDevice607—13——130%Some concerns
10.1136/bmj.q346REGAIN (Rehabilitation Exercise and psycholoGical support After covid-19 InfectioN)Rehabilitation585Favors intervention (p=0.02)513120%Some concerns
10.1186/s12913-024-11679-5REGAIN online supervised group physical and mental health rehabilitationRehabilitation585No sig. diff. (p=0.90)5—320%Some concerns
10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001068Listen personalised self-management support interventionPsychological554No sig. diff. (p=0.05)1495—64%Some concerns
10.1111/hex.70357Personalised self-management support (LISTEN)Psychological544No sig. diff.10——100%Some concerns
10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102534enoxaparinOther475No sig. diff. (p=0.50)14—3110%Some concerns
10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00685-0SIM01 synbiotic preparationProbiotic463Favors intervention (p<.001)16511031%Some concerns
10.14412/2074-2711-2021-2-65-7…Actovegin (deproteinized hemoderivative of calf blood)Other444No sig. diff. (p=0.05)4—220%High
10.1111/jebm.12465Qingjin Yiqi granules (QJYQ)Other388Favors intervention (p=0.01)422—50%Some concerns
10.1093/ofid/ofae631.2200EnsitrelvirAntiviral384No sig. diff.2——20%Some concerns
10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4415BrainHQ computerized cognitive trainingRehabilitation328No sig. diff. (p=0.98)12—1110%Low
10.1002/jcsm.13753BosentanOther313Significant (p=0.00)41—325%Some concerns
10.3389/fcvm.2022.866113SulodexideOther290Significant (p=0.00)10——100%High
10.1007/s00405-024-08802-xForskolinSupplement285Significant (p<.001)6——60%Some concerns
10.1183/13993003.03101-2021Inspiratory muscle trainingRespiratory Therapy281No sig. diff. (p=0.05)141587%Some concerns
10.1007/s00405-023-08085-8Co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin plus olfactory trainingSupplement250Favors intervention (p=0.01)61—517%High
10.1038/s41467-025-64831-yPace Me app with just-in-time energy management messaging and Fitbit activity trackerDevice250No sig. diff. (p=0.61)14——140%High
10.26766/pmgp.v9i3.526Remote medical-psychological rehabilitation programPsychological248No sig. diff. (p=0.59)2—2—0%High
10.26766/pmgp.v9i4.545Medical and Psychological Rehabilitation Program for Anxiety and Depressive Post-COVID Disorders in Remote Interaction SettingsPsychological248No sig. diff. (p=0.79)4—310%Some concerns
10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.463Proactive remote medical-psychological rehabilitation programPsychological240Favors intervention (p=0.00)33——100%High
10.26766/pmgp.v10i1.546Remote medical and psychological rehabilitation programPsychological240Favors intervention (p=0.00)95—456%High
10.1038/s41467-025-59909-6Counterweight-Plus remotely delivered weight management programmeOther234No sig. diff.8—170%Some concerns
10.1038/s41591-024-03384-xCounterweight-Plus remotely delivered weight management programOther234Favors intervention (p<.001)16114169%Some concerns
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.3…Personalized resistance exercise programExercise233Favors intervention (p=0.02)19316—16%Some concerns
10.1016/j.jgr.2025.04.007G1899 Korean Red Ginseng Extract PowderSupplement220—14——140%Some concerns
10.1093/ofid/ofac492.965RemdesivirAntiviral208No sig. diff.10——100%Some concerns
10.1182/blood-2024-209514SulodexideOther206Favors intervention (p=0.01)95—456%Some concerns
10.1177/10760296241297647SulodexideOther206No sig. diff. (p=0.15)1028—20%Some concerns
10.1007/s11357-024-01179-zSupervised cardiopulmonary rehabilitationRehabilitation200Significant (p=0.03)25—5200%High
10.3390/nu14112203Fermented Carica papaya + Morinda citrifolia syrups (BioRex Papaya + BioRex Noni)Supplement188—18—1260%High
10.1183/23120541.01142-2024Deupirfenidone (LYT-100)Anti-Inflammatory185No sig. diff. (p=0.70)8—440%Some concerns
10.1183/13993003.02152-2024Face-to-face exercise-based rehabilitationRehabilitation181Favors intervention (p=0.00)151—147%Low
10.38079/igusabder.1654185Therapist-supervised calisthenics exercise programExercise176No sig. diff. (p=0.12)6—6—0%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-024-82584-4Individualized symptom-titrated concurrent resistance and aerobic trainingExercise174Favors intervention (p=0.00)106—460%High
10.34883/pi.2024.27.4.012Acupuncture reflexotherapy + therapeutic exercise with oriental gymnastics elements (yoga/qigong) + small-group psychotherapyRehabilitation166—12—570%Some concerns
10.17816/568265Hydrotherapy whirlpool baths plus exercise therapyRehabilitation160—17——170%Some concerns
10.18093/0869-0189-2023-33-1-5…Bovhyaluronidase azoximerImmunomodulator160Favors intervention (p=0.05)541—80%High
10.26442/00403660.2022.11.2019…Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (Brainmax)Supplement160Significant (p=0.00)19——190%Some concerns
10.26442/00403660.2023.05.2022…Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (BRAINMAX)Supplement160Significant (p=0.00)731343%Some concerns
10.3390/brainsci14121212Remote EMDR via AI-powered platformPsychological160No sig. diff. (p=0.50)3—3—0%Some concerns
10.3831/kpi.2023.26.3.238Acupuncture plus complex rehabilitation methodsRehabilitation160Favors control (p=0.03)431—75%High
10.15407/fz71.06.095Modified comprehensive pathogenetic regimen (hormonal + vascular-metabolic + neuroendocrine + micronutrient)Other158No sig. diff. (p=0.05)15—15—0%High
10.1371/journal.pone.0312714Interactive online occupational therapyRehabilitation158—835—38%High
10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.200…nirmatrelvir-ritonavirAntiviral155—18215111%Some concerns
10.64898/2025.12.04.25341650nirmatrelvir-ritonavirAntiviral155—5——50%Some concerns
10.3390/nu17020304Vitamin K2 (MK-7) + Vitamin D3Supplement151Favors intervention (p=0.04)192—1711%Some concerns
10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00125-4ENO Breathe online breathing and wellbeing programmeRehabilitation150Favors intervention (p=0.05)12210—17%Some concerns
10.1007/s12325-024-02826-9vortioxetineOther147Favors intervention (p=0.00)31—233%High
10.1186/s12991-024-00494-1VortioxetineOther147Favors intervention (p=0.05)51—420%Some concerns
10.1002/jcsm.13628Intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic training (IHHT)Respiratory Therapy145Favors intervention (p=0.00)187—1139%High
10.1093/eurheartj/ehad655.2594Intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic training (IHHT)Respiratory Therapy145Favors intervention (p=0.00)55——100%Some concerns
10.17816/rjpbr628759Sequential MPGM followed by DSCBS via Magnon-2Brain Stimulation142—19——190%High
10.24075/brsmu.2024.034Systemic ozone therapy (IV ozonized saline) + succinic acid complex with trimethylhydraziniumOther140—99——100%High
10.15275/rusomj.2025.0109Systemic ozone therapy (intravenous ozonated saline) plus BrainmaxOther140Significant (p=0.00)9——90%Some concerns
10.1177/19458924231174799Omega-3 fatty acid supplementationSupplement139No sig. diff. (p=0.22)4—220%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm12216739Aerobic interval training on cycle ergometerExercise139No sig. diff. (p=0.16)1811256%Some concerns
10.1186/s13690-024-01354-wOnline multimodal rehabilitation programRehabilitation134No sig. diff. (p=0.68)1019—10%Some concerns
10.1016/j.brat.2025.104917Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretations (FLEX)Psychological131—11——110%Some concerns
10.1093/braincomms/fcaf447Cognitive-focused psychoeducational programmePsychological130No sig. diff. (p=0.68)18—2160%Low
10.15789/2220-7619-doc-2042Interferon alpha-2b (recombinant), gel (Viferon)Immunomodulator130Favors intervention (p=0.00)75—271%High
10.3390/biomedicines11041109Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide 700mg + Luteolin 70mg plus olfactory trainingSupplement130No sig. diff. (p=0.05)6—150%High
10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101356Alpha-lipoic acidSupplement128No sig. diff. (p=0.63)6—420%Some concerns
10.1016/j.imr.2024.101084Qigong exercise and acupressure rehabilitation program (QARP)Rehabilitation128No sig. diff. (p=0.12)613217%Some concerns
10.17816/rjpbr692686VedaBiotic fifth-generation multisymbiotic plus standard rehabilitationProbiotic128—22——220%Some concerns
10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100539Coenzyme Q10Supplement121No sig. diff. (p=0.32)11—290%Some concerns
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0…donepezil hydrochlorideOther120No sig. diff. (p=0.67)12—12—0%Some concerns
10.1002/jcsm.13530Telerehabilitation (aerobic and strength circuit training)Rehabilitation120Favors intervention (p=0.00)241111246%Some concerns
10.1007/s00405-024-08548-6Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin + olfactory trainingSupplement120Significant (p=0.00)3——30%High
10.28920/dhm55.2.104-113Hyperbaric oxygen therapyOxygen Therapy120—6——60%Some concerns
10.29296/25877305-2023-08-11Virtual reality rehabilitation + robotic mechanotherapy with biofeedback + balance therapy + usual careRehabilitation120Significant (p=0.01)62—433%High
10.29296/25877305-2023-09-11Robotic lower limb trainer (Con-Trex) + balance therapy (Stabilan 01-2) + virtual reality (Nirvana) plus standard rehabilitationRehabilitation120—6——60%Some concerns
10.36425/rehab688680Personalized normobaric interval hypoxic-hyperoxic therapy (NBIHHT) plus standard rehabilitationOxygen Therapy120No sig. diff. (p=1.00)8—8—0%Some concerns
10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-2-1…Robotic mechanotherapy (Con-Trex) + virtual reality training (Nirvana) + interactive balance therapy (Stabilan 01-2), plus basic rehabilitationRehabilitation120No sig. diff. (p=0.12)13——130%Some concerns
10.38025/2078-1962-2025-24-5-3…Personalized normobaric interval hypoxic-hyperoxic therapy (NBIHHT) plus basic rehabilitationOxygen Therapy120Favors intervention (p=0.02)1791753%Some concerns
10.1186/s12967-022-03488-3Anhydrous Enol-Oxaloacetate (AEO)Supplement119—7——70%High
10.3390/jcm13040970Multidisciplinary group telerehabilitationRehabilitation116No sig. diff. (p=0.30)20——200%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm14020486Multidisciplinary group telerehabilitationRehabilitation116No sig. diff.181—176%Some concerns
10.1093/cid/ciad257Cognitive-behavioral therapyPsychological114Favors intervention (p=0.00)88——100%Some concerns
10.64898/2025.12.30.25343085Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)Neurostimulation114Favors intervention (p=0.00)62—433%High
10.3390/ijms26178623High-intensity interval trainingExercise112No sig. diff. (p=0.84)8——80%Some concerns
10.3390/life12101483Mometasone furoate nasal spray + olfactory trainingAnti-Inflammatory112No sig. diff.6——60%Some concerns
10.1038/s41386-024-01995-zAKL-T01 (EndeavorOTC)Device110No sig. diff. (p=0.95)10——100%Some concerns
10.1097/cm9.0000000000003459Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs)Cell Therapy110—10—820%High
10.15212/amm-2024-0089Cordyceps sinensis mycelium culture extract (Cs4)Supplement110Favors intervention (p=0.00)1183—73%Some concerns
10.21760/jaims.10.11.10Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana with Mrudwika SharkaraSupplement110Favors intervention (p=0.01)1313——100%Some concerns
10.1186/s40560-023-00669-0Helmet noninvasive ventilationRespiratory Therapy109No sig. diff. (p=0.71)34—3310%Some concerns
10.30629/2658-7947-2025-30-3-5…Cytoflavin (inosine + nicotinamide + riboflavin + succinic acid)Supplement106—276—2122%High
10.7416/ai.2025.2678Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)Psychological105No sig. diff. (p=0.62)1586153%Some concerns
10.18370/2309-4117.2023.69.104…Femicycle or Femimens (Ayurvedic phytocompositions)Supplement104No sig. diff.18——180%High
10.20969/vskm.2022.15(1).26-33Trecresan (oxymethyluracil derivative, adaptogen/immunomodulator)Immunomodulator103Favors intervention (p=0.00)642—67%High
10.1186/s13287-025-04148-1Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC)Cell Therapy101—1511137%Some concerns
10.1007/s40121-025-01287-zSelf-help lymphatic drainage intervention (Perrin technique)Rehabilitation100Favors intervention (p=0.01)11——100%High
10.1038/s41598-023-35058-yReCOVery telerehabilitation APPRehabilitation100No sig. diff. (p=0.23)12—12—0%Some concerns
10.1155/2023/7068326Amygdala and Insula Retraining (AIR) / The Gupta ProgramPsychological100No sig. diff. (p=0.29)2—2—0%High
10.1155/ijcp/7692776ReCOVery APP telerehabilitationRehabilitation100No sig. diff. (p=0.05)10—10—0%Some concerns
10.1186/s12879-023-08172-5FluvoxamineImmunomodulator100Favors control (p=0.03)12—12—0%Some concerns
10.3390/ph15030345Chisan/ADAPT-232 (Rhodiola rosea + Schisandra chinensis + Eleutherococcus senticosus)Supplement100No sig. diff. (p=0.27)21—10110%Some concerns
10.48035/tesis/2454/53703Muscle power resistance trainingExercise100Favors intervention (p=0.00)161—156%Some concerns
10.21926/obm.icm.2401010Electroacupuncture according to Voll (EAV) diagnosis with medicament testing using RNA polymerase nosode, ribavirin, and dexamethasoneOther99Favors intervention (p=0.00)17121471%High
10.1186/s12906-025-04784-3Balneotherapy plus aquatic exercisesRehabilitation98Favors control (p=0.03)15—15—0%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-025-07461-0Intermittent fasting with extended water-only fastsOther96Favors intervention (p=0.01)73—443%High
10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.257L-arginine + SSRISupplement96Significant (p=0.01)2——20%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm14228193Low-level laser therapyDevice93Significant (p<.001)6——60%Some concerns
10.3390/nu18030521Alfacalcidol plus vitamin D3 supplementation with dietary counseling, sun exposure guidance, and exercise therapySupplement91Favors intervention (p=0.00)511320%High
10.1177/09727531241306849Bhramari PranayamaRespiratory Therapy90Favors intervention (p=0.04)531160%High
10.19163/2307-9266-2025-13-4-2…L-carnitineSupplement90No sig. diff. (p=0.05)3325266%High
10.20953/1729-9225-2021-4-15-2…Azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium)Immunomodulator90Favors control (p<.001)1252542%High
10.1002/ctm2.1436Polymerised type I collagenImmunomodulator89—10——100%High
10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101709Inspiratory muscle trainingRespiratory Therapy88No sig. diff.11——110%Low
10.1183/23120541.00838-2024Water-based exerciseExercise86—144—1029%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm12196244Water-based exercise trainingExercise86No sig. diff.9——90%Some concerns
10.3390/s23198120Standard neurological rehabilitation + EMG-driven rehabilitation robot (Luna EMG)Rehabilitation86No sig. diff. (p=0.08)18117—6%Some concerns
10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.202…Concurrent training (resistance + endurance)Exercise83—15—5100%Some concerns
10.14412/1996-7012-2022-3-67-7…Parenteral chondroitin sulfate (Chondroguard) + celecoxibSupplement82Favors intervention (p<.001)141—137%High
10.1002/lary.30353Mometasone furoateAnti-Inflammatory80No sig. diff. (p=0.95)1043340%Some concerns
10.1016/j.bjpt.2025.101247Aerobic exercise + diaphragmatic breathing exerciseExercise80Favors intervention (p=0.00)77——100%Some concerns
10.1093/eurheartj/suac012.353L-arginine + liposomal vitamin CSupplement80No sig. diff.1——10%High
10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094386Hyperbaric oxygen treatmentOxygen Therapy80No sig. diff. (p=0.87)9—9—0%Low
10.1038/s41598-023-36570-xHyperbaric oxygen therapyOxygen Therapy79No sig. diff. (p=0.24)12——120%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-022-15565-0Hyperbaric oxygen therapyOxygen Therapy79Favors intervention (p=0.04)21912—43%Low
10.3390/healthcare13222914Motion-controlled video game-based virtual reality exerciseExercise79Favors intervention (p=0.00)734—43%Low
10.1177/27536130251385551TriphalaSupplement78No sig. diff. (p=0.29)12—12—0%Some concerns
10.51910/ijhdr.v25icf.1532Individualized homeopathic medicineOther77No sig. diff. (p=0.40)7—7—0%Some concerns
10.1136/bmjresp-2025-003653Stepwise pulmonary rehabilitation programmeRehabilitation76Favors intervention (p=0.02)2092945%Some concerns
10.5606/tftrd.2025.14301Low-intensity interval moderate-intensity aerobic trainingExercise76No sig. diff.19——190%Some concerns
10.21802/artm.2024.1.29.142Comprehensive geriatric rehabilitation programRehabilitation75—13—1120%High
10.21802/artm.2023.4.28.108Comprehensive geriatric-oriented physical therapy programRehabilitation75No sig. diff. (p=0.05)5—230%Some concerns
10.1101/2022.10.04.22280680Elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) - ImmunodaatSupplement74No sig. diff. (p=0.05)26—1790%High
10.1183/23120541.00031-2024LactoferrinSupplement72No sig. diff. (p=1.00)7——70%Low
10.1186/s13102-024-00817-5Online-supported individualized physical activity programExercise72No sig. diff.12——120%Some concerns
10.3389/fphys.2023.1219252Multi-professional intervention (concurrent training + nutritional education + psychoeducation)Rehabilitation71No sig. diff. (p=0.63)24—8160%High
10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.1672High-Definition transcranial Direct Current StimulationNeurostimulation70Favors intervention (p=0.00)862—75%Some concerns
10.24884/1682-6655-2025-24-1-4…Dynamic inversion table (gravitational therapy)Device70Favors intervention (p=0.00)54—180%Some concerns
10.3390/ijerph21101385Face-to-face Mat Pilates trainingExercise70Significant (p=0.01)21211810%Some concerns
10.51793/os.2022.25.2.005Bifiform (Bifidobacterium longum BB-46 + Enterococcus faecium ENCfa-68) + antispasmodics + antidiarrhealsProbiotic70Significant (p=0.00)6——60%High
10.3389/fnins.2025.1627462Oxaloacetate (anhydrous enol-oxaloacetate)Supplement69No sig. diff. (p=0.71)2822067%Some concerns
10.1186/s12984-024-01340-xHome-based pulmonary rehabilitation (HBPR)Rehabilitation68Favors intervention (p=0.00)54—180%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-025-09772-8tDCS over primary motor cortex combined with cognitive trainingNeurostimulation67No sig. diff. (p=0.17)18——180%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-024-51904-zAmantadineOther66Favors intervention (p=0.00)22——100%High
10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08487-9Supervised endurance exercise trainingExercise66Favors intervention (p=0.00)131938%Some concerns
10.1007/s11845-025-03899-3Telerehabilitation-based exercise programRehabilitation64Favors control (p=0.00)6—6—0%Some concerns
10.1136/spcare-2023-004595Astragalus root extractSupplement64Favors control (p=0.01)3—3—0%Some concerns
10.4193/rhin21.470Olfactory training using Sniffin' Sticks (Duft-Quartett)Rehabilitation63No sig. diff. (p=0.43)1272358%High
10.3390/jcm13206237Pulmonary rehabilitation plus progressive muscle relaxationRehabilitation61—1122718%Some concerns
10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.534Active tDCS plus online cognitive training (BrainHQ)Neurostimulation60Significant (p=0.04)2——20%Some concerns
10.1016/j.brs.2025.08.018Transcranial direct current stimulation plus cognitive trainingNeurostimulation60No sig. diff. (p=0.92)1511137%Some concerns
10.1016/j.imr.2023.101001Aromatherapy essential oil inhalationOther60No sig. diff. (p=0.59)5—5—0%High
10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.1113…FamotidineOther60No sig. diff. (p=0.78)4—4—0%Some concerns
10.1016/j.rehab.2023.101765Exercise training rehabilitationExercise60Favors intervention (p<.001)862—75%Some concerns
10.1093/eurheartj/ehad655.2601Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programRehabilitation60No sig. diff.4——40%Some concerns
10.1101/2022.08.29.22279327Endurance training rehabilitationExercise60No sig. diff. (p=0.85)817—13%Some concerns
10.1111/hex.70399Long COVID Optimal Health Programme (LC-OHP)Psychoeducation/Self-Management60—6——60%Some concerns
10.1186/s12967-022-03660-9Treamid (bisamide derivative of dicarboxylic acid, BDDA)Anti-Inflammatory60Significant (p=0.04)12—1020%Some concerns
10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2986Active hydrogen inhalation (H(H2O)m)Respiratory Therapy60—19211611%High
10.19163/1994-9480-2022-19-2-4…Transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation (t-SNS) with Cefaly deviceNeurostimulation60No sig. diff. (p=0.05)13——130%Some concerns
10.2340/jrm.v54.3972Manual diaphragm release plus inspiratory muscle training (POWERbreath)Respiratory Therapy60Favors intervention (p=0.00)77——100%Some concerns
10.2340/jrm.v56.25491Incentive spirometryRespiratory Therapy60Favors intervention (p=0.00)1010——100%Some concerns
10.25259/ijmr_827_2024Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique + Spinal Muscle TrainingExercise60Favors intervention (p=0.00)22——100%High
10.26355/eurrev_202402_35361High-frequency chest wall oscillation (Vest device)Respiratory Therapy60No sig. diff. (p=0.06)6—6—0%Some concerns
10.31080/asms.2023.07.1491Transcranial low-frequency magnetotherapyNeurostimulation60—33——100%Some concerns
10.3389/fresc.2025.1588940Thermal spa resort rehabilitationRehabilitation60No sig. diff. (p=0.05)16——160%High
10.3390/jcm12062233Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programRehabilitation60Favors intervention (p=0.00)55——100%Some concerns
10.4235/agmr.24.0175Slow deep breathing exerciseRespiratory Therapy60—16—4120%Some concerns
10.58727/jshr.107257Circuit training with aerobic, strength and breathing exercisesExercise60Favors intervention (p=0.04)844—50%Some concerns
10.1590/fm.2023.36112Multicomponent physiotherapy (strength, resistance, balance, gait)Exercise59No sig. diff. (p=0.13)3—3—0%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm13020425Comprehensive exercise training + active Threshold IMTRehabilitation59No sig. diff. (p=0.28)13——130%Some concerns
10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-4-9…Audiovisual stimulation (AVS) + cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT)Psychological59No sig. diff. (p=0.05)10——100%Some concerns
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103633nicotinamide ribosideSupplement58No sig. diff. (p=0.49)13—760%High
10.1002/clc.70110Low-level tragus stimulationNeurostimulation57No sig. diff. (p=0.05)8——80%Some concerns
10.1016/j.apmr.2025.05.008Pain Informed Movement programRehabilitation57Favors control (p=0.00)15—15—0%Some concerns
10.1093/cid/ciac226leronlimabImmunomodulator55No sig. diff.3——30%Some concerns
10.36740/abal202201102Citicoline + Vinpocetine + Nootropil (Piracetam) + Cerebrolysin IV infusionOther54Favors intervention (p=0.01)108—280%High
10.3390/biomedicines12102221Marine oil enriched in SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators)Supplement53Significant (p=0.00)8——80%Some concerns
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3…Lithium aspartateSupplement52No sig. diff. (p=0.59)17—17—0%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm1203077614-day therapeutic exercise telerehabilitation program (breathing + strength exercises)Exercise52—55——100%Some concerns
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40453Combined aerobic, resistance, and breathing exercise programExercise51No sig. diff. (p=0.92)21—21—0%High
10.1007/s10103-023-03917-9Photobiomodulation 660nmDevice50No sig. diff. (p=0.56)9——90%High
10.1038/s41467-025-57198-7Therapeutic plasma exchangeDevice50—10——100%Some concerns
10.1080/21679169.2025.2479676Pulmonary telerehabilitationRehabilitation50No sig. diff. (p=0.56)20—20—0%Some concerns
10.1136/bjsports-2022-106681Home-based exercise training programmeExercise50Favors intervention (p=0.00)2059625%Some concerns
10.1177/19458924221120116Sodium gluconate intranasal sprayOther50Favors intervention (p<.001)52—340%Some concerns
10.17816/rjpbr109501Interval hypo-hyperoxic training (IHHT) via OXYTERRA deviceOxygen Therapy50No sig. diff.23——230%High
10.26717/bjstr.2024.59.009252Echinochrome A (EchA Marine dietary supplement)Supplement50Significant (p=0.01)112—918%Some concerns
10.3390/ijerph19041992Molecular hydrogen (H2) inhalationRespiratory Therapy50Favors intervention (p=0.00)1569—40%Some concerns
10.3390/nu14234984L-arginine plus liposomal vitamin CSupplement50Favors intervention (p=0.00)54—180%Some concerns
10.3390/nu141530041-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA)Supplement50Favors intervention (p=0.00)613217%High
10.5455/njppp.2024.14.04187202…NintedanibOther50No sig. diff. (p=0.23)8—8—0%High
10.3390/brainsci14070693Hybrid exercise (supervised + tele-exercise)Exercise49—2411224%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm13102747Resistance training (RT)Exercise49Significant (p=0.00)14——140%Some concerns
10.1093/braincomms/fcad117Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)Neurostimulation48No sig. diff. (p=0.18)8——80%Low
10.2147/oajct.s389489Intranasal insulin fast-dissolving filmOther48—10——100%High
10.5195/ijt.2023.6560Telerehabilitation exercise trainingExercise47—731343%Some concerns
10.1101/2023.05.31.23290798Echinochrome A (sea urchin egg extract)Supplement46No sig. diff. (p=0.26)7——70%Some concerns
10.1186/s12872-024-04196-0Home-based breathing and chest mobility exerciseRespiratory Therapy46Favors intervention (p=0.03)1147—36%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm130617128-week progressive resistance trainingExercise46Favors intervention (p<.001)15510—33%Some concerns
10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102823Longevity essential oil blend (thyme, orange, clove bud, frankincense)Other44Favors intervention (p=0.02)77——100%Some concerns
10.14744/ejp.2024.1204Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)Neurostimulation44—941444%Some concerns
10.63144/ijt.2025.6716Synchronous telerehabilitation with physiotherapist supervisionExercise44Favors intervention (p=0.03)716—14%Some concerns
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103730Intranasal and transcranial photobiomodulation (Vielight Neuro RX Gamma)Neurostimulation43No sig. diff. (p=0.09)912611%Some concerns
10.1155/ijcp/5641307Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulationNeurostimulation42No sig. diff. (p=0.13)8—8—0%Some concerns
10.11604/pamj.2023.46.65.36615Respiratory muscle training programRespiratory Therapy42—19—1180%High
10.22141/2308-2097.58.2.2024.6…5-strain Bacillus probiotic (B.subtilis, B.licheniformis, B.amyloliquefaciens, B.megaterium, B.pumilus)Probiotic42No sig. diff. (p=0.05)8—620%High
10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-6-4…Omeprazole + Kolofort (technologically processed antibodies to S100, TNF-alpha, histamine)Other42Significant (p=0.01)11—560%High
10.3390/jcm14176066Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)Other42Favors intervention (p=0.01)1014510%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm14124225Hybrid pulmonary rehabilitation (outpatient + home-based)Rehabilitation42Favors intervention (p<.001)2198443%High
10.36425/rehab608182Intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia therapy (ReOxy)Respiratory Therapy42No sig. diff. (p=0.05)3—3—0%Some concerns
10.5334/ijic.icic23285Hybrid Integrated Care Program (outpatient PR + home-based ICT-supported follow-up)Rehabilitation42—7——70%High
10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101946AXA1125Supplement41No sig. diff. (p=0.24)932433%Some concerns
10.1186/s12868-025-00989-xAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)Neurostimulation41—131398%Some concerns
10.1186/s13287-022-02972-3Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs)Cell Therapy41Significant (p=0.03)1427514%Some concerns
10.1080/09602011.2024.2338613Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (aerobic + resistance + respiratory exercises)Rehabilitation40—20211710%Some concerns
10.1186/s43163-023-00478-0DexamethasoneAnti-Inflammatory40No sig. diff. (p=0.51)2—110%Some concerns
10.13189/saj.2025.130406Baduanjin Exercise TrainingExercise40Favors intervention (p=0.00)1212——100%Some concerns
10.20953/1817-7646-2023-1-28-3…Ammonium glycyrrhizinate (Reglisam)Anti-Inflammatory40Favors intervention (p=0.04)71—614%High
10.21802/artm.2025.1.33.13Tivorel (levocarnitine + arginine hydrochloride) + QuercetinSupplement40—24——240%High
10.33667/2078-5631-2022-35-8-1…Bacillus subtilis metabolites + fructooligosaccharides (Baktiminal)Probiotic40Favors intervention (p<.001)102—820%Some concerns
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1582742Tablet-based cognitive, relaxation, and physiotherapy trainingRehabilitation40No sig. diff. (p=0.45)21—1200%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm14010272Structured orofacial rehabilitation programRehabilitation40No sig. diff.4——40%High
10.36028/2308-8826-2025-13-2-8…Individually dosed hypoxi-hyperoxic therapy (IDHHT) plus physical therapy with cluster setsOxygen Therapy40—52—340%High
10.38025/2078-1962-2024-23-1-3…Human placenta hydrolyzate Laennec IV infusion + multimodal rehabilitationImmunomodulator40—18——180%Some concerns
10.47026/2413-4864-2022-2-1-8Alpha-rhythm neurofeedback training (Neuro V)Neurostimulation40—4—4—0%High
10.55572/jms.v2i2.51Structured cardiopulmonary exercise training, moderate intensityExercise40Favors intervention (p=0.01)11——100%High
10.56199/dpcsms.sjjq1180Osteopathic manipulative treatmentRehabilitation40No sig. diff.5——50%High
10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.017Co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide/luteolinSupplement39Significant (p=0.03)9——90%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-025-27036-3Heat-treated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23Probiotic39—16310319%Some concerns
10.1111/sms.14240Tailored multicomponent concurrent exercise trainingExercise39Favors intervention (p=0.04)19127—63%Some concerns
10.14393/hygeia2071233Supervised physical exercise programExercise39No sig. diff.16——160%Some concerns
10.14393/hygeia2071051Pilates methodExercise39No sig. diff.191—185%Some concerns
10.1101/2023.06.28.23291986VSL#3® (multi-strain probiotic)Probiotic38Significant (p=0.01)21——210%Some concerns
10.17267/2238-2704rpf.2024.e58…Comprehensive rehabilitation (aerobic, strength, balance, flexibility, breathing exercise, education)Rehabilitation38Favors intervention (p=0.01)731343%Some concerns
10.1007/s00508-025-02501-1Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation 10HzNeurostimulation36—11——110%Some concerns
10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular…Interval hypoxic-hyperoxic training (Reoxy therapy)Oxygen Therapy36—7——70%Some concerns
10.1186/s12903-023-02952-wDiode laser 940 nm (EPIC, BIOLASE)Device36Significant (p=0.00)4——40%Some concerns
10.15395/mkb.v55n2.2753WHO Stress Management modulePsychological36Favors intervention (p<.001)21—150%High
10.3389/fmolb.2022.1016352Mountain spa rehabilitation + ubiquinol (CoQ10)Rehabilitation36—18311417%High
10.3389/fneur.2025.1523814C1-esterase inhibitor (RUCONEST)Immunomodulator36—14—2120%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-024-52763-4Transcranial direct current stimulationNeurostimulation35No sig. diff. (p=0.63)9—9—0%Some concerns
10.1080/13548506.2024.2439180Asynchronous telerehabilitation (HEFORA app) with physical therapy and therapeutic educationRehabilitation35No sig. diff. (p=0.46)11—830%Some concerns
10.1007/s00406-024-01904-xCognitive training and group psychotherapyPsychological34—203—1715%High
10.26442/00403660.2024.03.2026…Inhaled nitric oxide plus molecular hydrogen (iNO/iH2)Respiratory Therapy34—17——170%High
10.32592/ircmj.2023.25.4.2080HydroxychloroquineImmunomodulator34No sig. diff. (p=0.72)6—510%Some concerns
10.3390/ijerph20021361Rebalance neuro-meditation programPsychological34Favors intervention (p=0.01)21143467%High
10.54033/cadpedv21n7-221Cardiopulmonary rehabilitationRehabilitation34No sig. diff.10——100%Some concerns
10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v30i4a…Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy rehabilitation programRehabilitation33Favors control (p=0.03)12—840%High
10.3390/ph17040463Echinacea angustifolia + rosehip + propolis + royal jelly + zinc supplementSupplement33—19311516%Some concerns
10.1111/hex.70079Personalised health behaviour support programmeRehabilitation32—16——160%Some concerns
10.3389/fpubh.2023.1121554Virtual reality-based pulmonary rehabilitationRehabilitation32No sig. diff. (p=0.26)10—10—0%Some concerns
10.3390/nu16101529Hydrogen-rich waterSupplement32Favors intervention (p=0.05)844—50%Some concerns
10.7759/cureus.76148Omega-3 (EPA+DHA)Supplement32—7—520%High
10.1089/can.2022.0135Cannabidiol-rich whole-flower hemp preparation (Formula C)Supplement31No sig. diff.10——100%High
10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1441018Multimodal immersive virtual reality (cognitive training + physical exercise + mindfulness)Rehabilitation31Favors intervention (p=0.03)21631229%High
10.1002/alr.23116Platelet-rich plasmaCell Therapy30No sig. diff. (p=0.13)6—510%Some concerns
10.1016/j.clinme.2024.100251Sulphur thermal water inhalationRespiratory Therapy30—15——150%Some concerns
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103358Rovunaptabin (BC007)Immunomodulator30No sig. diff. (p=0.13)1271458%Some concerns
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103737REGENECYTE (HPC, Cord Blood)Cell Therapy30—14104—71%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-024-78651-5Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (high-dose)Neurostimulation30Favors intervention (p=0.01)121298%Some concerns
10.1182/blood-2024-210709RegeneCyte (human umbilical cord blood, HPC)Cell Therapy30—2——20%Some concerns
10.20969/vskm.2025.18(6).64-71Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)Device30—8——80%High
10.31655/2307-3373-2024-3-5-15Erdosteine plus breathing exercises plus ICS/formoterolOther30No sig. diff.14——140%High
10.32598/jrh.12.6.2046.1Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)Psychological30Favors intervention (p<.001)22——100%High
10.3390/ijerph191610398EMG-triggered rehabilitation robot (Luna EMG) plus standard neurological rehabilitationDevice30No sig. diff. (p=0.91)5——50%High
10.36106/paripex/8204857Structured physiotherapy exercise protocol with breathing exercisesRehabilitation30Significant (p=0.00)5——50%High
10.37506/ijpot.v16i2.18051Pulmonary telerehabilitation (breathing exercises + therapeutic exercises)Rehabilitation30Significant (p<.001)2——20%High
10.37506/pkxqyr14Diaphragmatic strength training + resistance exerciseExercise30Favors intervention (p<.001)22——100%High
10.52403/ijhsr.20230310Balloon blowing technique plus diaphragmatic breathing exerciseRespiratory Therapy30No sig. diff. (p=0.45)3—3—0%High
10.52403/ijhsr.20230305Aerobic exercise plus diaphragmatic breathing exerciseExercise30No sig. diff. (p=0.87)4—4—0%High
10.5114/biolsport.2024.139072Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programme (CPRP)Rehabilitation30Favors intervention (p=0.00)1587—53%Some concerns
10.61453/intij.202342Body weight exercises (push-ups, squats, plank, burpee)Exercise30No sig. diff. (p=0.05)211—50%High
10.1113/ep092099High-intensity interval training (HIIT)Exercise28Favors intervention (p=0.02)26319412%Some concerns
10.1007/s00394-024-03546-0Synbiotic (L. rhamnosus DSM 32550, L. plantarum DSM 34532, B. lactis DSM 32269, B. longum DSM 32946, fructooligosaccharides, zinc)Probiotic26No sig. diff. (p=0.90)17——170%Some concerns
10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001439Home-based inspiratory muscle trainingRespiratory Therapy26Favors intervention (p=0.00)1171364%Some concerns
10.3390/brainsci13071014Oral vitamin A plus aerosolised diffuser olfactory trainingSupplement26Favors intervention (p=0.00)51—420%Some concerns
10.3390/nu16223840Multispecies probiotic mixture (OMNi-BiOTiC Pro-Vi 5)Probiotic26Significant (p=0.05)10——100%High
10.1590/1806-9282.20230666Platelet-rich plasma injection into olfactory cleftCell Therapy25No sig. diff. (p=0.99)2—2—0%High
10.1186/s13063-024-08473-3Supervised aerobic exercise training (HIIT or MIIT on cycling ergometer)Exercise24Favors intervention (p=0.00)22614227%Some concerns
10.21518/ms2023-111Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate (Mexidol)Supplement24No sig. diff.101—910%High
10.3389/fcogn.2025.1692578Vibratory and auditory treatment (VAT) at 40 HzDevice22Significant (p=0.01)8——80%Some concerns
10.1371/journal.pone.0312735Supplemental oxygen via portable oxygen concentratorOxygen Therapy21No sig. diff.20——200%Some concerns
10.31532/physmedrehabil.2.1.00…Physiotherapist-supervised group telerehabilitation exerciseExercise21—10—10—0%Some concerns
10.1007/s00508-025-02522-wPulsed electromagnetic field therapy (Papimi Delta)Device20—16——160%High
10.1186/s12879-023-08002-8Hyperbaric oxygen therapyOxygen Therapy20Favors control (p=0.00)7—520%Some concerns
10.1371/journal.pone.0340965Eccentric cyclingExercise20Favors intervention (p=0.02)1257—42%Some concerns
10.17816/acen.1358EEG alpha-rhythm biofeedback (neurofeedback) trainingNeurostimulation20—26——260%Some concerns
10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115393Stationary cycling with virtual reality headsetRehabilitation20Favors intervention (p=0.00)51—420%Some concerns
10.3390/jpm14050515Supervised physiotherapy program (interval aerobic + resistance exercise)Exercise20No sig. diff.4——40%High
10.7759/cureus.87026Olfactory training with budesonide nasal irrigationsRehabilitation20—2——20%High
10.1164/rccm.202309-1572ocInspiratory muscle training (IMT)Respiratory Therapy18No sig. diff. (p=0.05)13310—23%Some concerns
10.14814/phy2.15636Electrical stimulation (E-Stim) to gastrocnemius musclesNeurostimulation18Significant (p=0.00)111289%Some concerns
10.3390/brainsci15050510NESA XSIGNAL superficial neuromodulationNeurostimulation18Favors intervention (p=0.02)17116—6%Some concerns
10.3390/jcm14155363Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRV-BF)Device18Significant (p=0.04)12—1110%High
10.4193/rhin20.515Prednisone (systemic) + nasal irrigation with betamethasone, ambroxol, and rinazineAnti-Inflammatory18No sig. diff. (p=0.59)2——20%Some concerns
10.3389/fspor.2022.877188Remote adapted physical activity plus therapeutic educationExercise17Favors intervention (p=0.01)111—109%High
10.1038/s43856-025-01322-7BeclomethasoneAnti-Inflammatory15No sig. diff. (p=0.54)3—210%Some concerns
10.3177/jnsv.70.174Creatine monohydrateSupplement15Favors intervention (p=0.01)615—17%Some concerns
10.1007/s00431-025-06705-5Individualized online exercise therapyExercise14No sig. diff.12——120%Some concerns
10.1109/jiot.2022.3188914Telerehabilitation with telecoaching plus home exerciseRehabilitation14—6——60%Some concerns
10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.368Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)Neurostimulation13—4——40%High
10.1002/fsn3.3597Creatine monohydrateSupplement12Significant (p=0.01)16——160%High
10.1097/md.0000000000041583Pulmonary rehabilitation plus evidence-based eHealth education toolRehabilitation12No sig. diff. (p=0.45)2412214%Some concerns
10.1126/scitranslmed.adu4284Larazotide (AT1001)Other12Significant (p=0.00)121—118%Some concerns
10.1186/s42234-022-00094-yTranscutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)Neurostimulation12—6——60%Some concerns
10.3389/fnut.2023.1131192Ketone ester (D-beta-hydroxybutyrate ester)Supplement12No sig. diff. (p=0.66)23617—26%Low
10.1017/s1355617723007634Constraint-Induced Cognitive Therapy (CICT)Rehabilitation9No sig. diff. (p=0.05)3—210%High
10.4081/mrm.2022.886NebivololOther8No sig. diff.9——90%Some concerns
10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_650_23Creatine monohydrate plus breathing exercisesSupplement8No sig. diff. (p=0.06)23518—22%Some concerns
10.1007/s10072-023-07268-9Dual-task augmented reality rehabilitationRehabilitation——9——90%High
10.1037/rep0000626Constraint-Induced Cognitive TherapyRehabilitation——8—260%Some concerns
10.1038/s41598-025-96555-wAwe intervention (AWE technique)Psychological—Favors intervention (p=0.00)633—50%High
10.1055/a-2535-0153Functional septorhinoplastyOther—No sig. diff. (p=0.06)13—850%High
10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.298Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programRehabilitation—No sig. diff. (p=0.94)3—3—0%High
10.26442/00403660.2022.03.2013…Inhaled hydrogen gas (active form)Respiratory Therapy—Favors intervention (p<.001)102—820%High
10.29011/2688-996x.001043L-arginine + liposomal vitamin C (bioarginina C)Supplement—No sig. diff.10—370%High
10.3389/fmed.2021.758405MethylprednisoloneAnti-Inflammatory—Favors intervention (p=0.01)1129—18%Some concerns
10.3389/fphys.2024.1416639Tailored mixed exercise programExercise——131—128%High
10.3390/ijerph192214905Online forest bathingPsychological——44——100%High
10.3390/ijms25158305Nordic walking exercise therapyExercise——2——20%High
10.3390/jcm13041035Nordic Walking programExercise—Significant (p=0.02)16—4120%High
10.3390/jcm14010174Resistance training programExercise—No sig. diff. (p=0.81)14—14—0%Some concerns
10.3390/medicina62010210Core-stabilization plank exercise programExercise—Favors intervention (p=0.00)63—350%High
10.3390/life13071563Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (scTS)Neurostimulation—Favors intervention (p=0.04)541—80%High
10.3390/nu17040723Curcuma longa + Boswellia serrata (lecithin-based) + low-FODMAP dietSupplement—Favors intervention (p=0.00)421150%High
10.3390/v14122614Bacteriophage cocktails (oral and inhalation)Other——36——360%High
10.4149/bll_2023_013Ubiquinol plus mountain spa rehabilitationSupplement—Favors intervention (p<.001)163—1319%High