← Bird's Eye Reviews
Long Covid Clinical Trials
Last updated: June 24, 2026
Filter by Long Covid definition
Filter by trial type(145 of 775 trials selected)
Filter by intervention
Trials by Intervention
Grouped by intervention type. Each rectangle is one trial coloured by result — hover for study details, click an intervention to filter the table below.
Favors treatmentFavors controlMixedNo significant differenceNo directional verdict (uncontrolled / underpowered)Result unknown
Rehabilitation24 interventions · 34 trials
Exercise30 interventions · 33 trials
Drug/Supplement22 interventions · 27 trials
Psychological12 interventions · 14 trials
Neurostimulation12 interventions · 14 trials
Respiratory Therapy5 interventions · 9 trials
Oxygen Therapy4 interventions · 9 trials
Other4 interventions · 6 trials
Antiviral1 interventions · 3 trials
Immunomodulator2 interventions · 2 trials
Device2 interventions · 2 trials
Traditional Medicine1 interventions · 1 trials
Trials by publication year
Trials by Long Covid definition
Meets WHO definition (≥12 weeks) (100%)
Below WHO threshold (0%)
Trial type
Trials by country
Trials by primary symptom domain
Blinding type vs. statistical significance
Open-label trials tend to report more positive results
Trial landscape
Intervention category × symptom domain (cell = number of trials)
| Cardiovascular | Cognitive | Dyspnea | Exercise Capacity | Fatigue | Functional | Mental Health | Olfactory | Other | Overall | Pain | Quality Of Life | Sleep | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Device | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Drug/Supplement | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 4 | – |
| Exercise | – | – | 5 | 13 | 3 | – | 1 | – | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | – |
| Immunomodulator | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Neurostimulation | – | 4 | – | – | 9 | – | 1 | – | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Other | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Oxygen Therapy | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – |
| Psychological | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 4 | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | – |
| Rehabilitation | – | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 6 | – | 5 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 1 |
| Respiratory Therapy | – | – | 4 | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Traditional Medicine | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
All Trials
145 trials match
| Reference | Intervention | N | Primary Outcome | # Out | + Sig | − Ctrl | NS | Unk | Promise Score ↓ | Risk of Bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patricia et al., BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 2022 | Inspiratory muscle training | 26 | Peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 11 | 7 | — | 1 | 3 | 3.5 | Some concerns | |
| Igor et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2023 | Exercise training | 50 | SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 20 | 5 | — | 9 | 6 | 3.5 | Some concerns | |
| Başak et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 2026 | Inspiratory muscle strength training, Thoracic expansion exercises | 40 | Six-minute walk test distance (6-MWT, meters)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 15 | 10 | — | 5 | — | 3.5 | Some concerns | |
| Zeynal et al., Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), 2025 | Exercise training | 64 | Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC)Favors control (p=0.001) | 6 | — | 5 | 1 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Andrés et al., Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2025 | Exercise training | 57 | Pain IntensityFavors control (p=0.001) | 15 | — | 8 | 7 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kelly et al., Brain Stimulation, 2023 | tDCS | 70 | Fatigue severity - MFIS TotalFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 6 | — | 2 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Christophe et al., Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2023 | Exercise training | 60 | Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP) Total ScoreFavors intervention (p<0.001) | 8 | 6 | — | 2 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Tanja et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2023 | CBT | 114 | Fatigue severity (CIS-fatigue subscale)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 8 | — | — | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Enya et al., European Respiratory Journal, 2025 | Exercise training | 181 | Incremental Shuttle Walking Test distanceFavors intervention (p=0.002) | 15 | 1 | — | — | 14 | 3.0 | Low | |
| Musa et al., Healthcare, 2025 | Virtual reality rehabilitation | 79 | Pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 7 | 3 | — | 4 | — | 3.0 | Low | |
| Adelina et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 61 | —— | 11 | 2 | — | 2 | 7 | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Tom et al., JAMA Network Open, 2024 | Cognitive rehabilitation | 314 | SF-36 Physical Function SubscaleFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 17 | 10 | — | 7 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Howden et al., European Heart Journal, 2025 | Exercise training | 133 | Indexed peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 3 | — | 2 | 3 | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Yen-Wen et al., eClinicalMedicine, 2026 | UC-MSCs | 30 | —— | 14 | 10 | — | 4 | — | 2.8 | Some concerns | |
| Tamara et al., Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2023 | Inspiratory muscle training, Breathing exercises | 88 | Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L index)No sig. diff. | 11 | — | — | — | 11 | 2.6 | Low | |
| Nora et al., 2025 | Exercise training | 100 | Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 16 | 1 | — | — | 15 | 2.6 | Some concerns | |
| Tom et al., Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 2026 | Cognitive-behavioral outpatient rehabilitation program, Care as usual | 314 | SF-36 Physical Function Subscale (SF-36-PFS)No sig. diff. | 10 | — | — | — | 10 | 2.6 | Some concerns | |
| Gitendra et al., Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2023 | CICT | 9 | Brain fog severity - Mental Clutter ScaleNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 3 | — | — | 2 | 1 | 2.5 | High | |
| Orlova et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2022 | IHHT | 36 | —— | 7 | — | — | — | 7 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Pooja et al., Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 2025 | Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana with Mrudwika Sharkara | 110 | Fatigue severityFavors intervention (p=0.01) | 13 | 13 | — | — | — | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Soldatenko et al., Bulletin of Russian State Medical University, 2024 | Ozone therapy | 140 | —— | 9 | 9 | — | — | — | 2.5 | High | |
| Marine et al., Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2022 | Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (Brainmax) | 160 | Asthenia scale MFI-20 score change (Visit 0 to Visit 5, primary endpoint)Significant (p=0.001) | 19 | — | — | — | 19 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Polina et al., Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2023 | Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (Brainmax) | 160 | Asthenia score (MFI-20)Significant (p=0.001) | 7 | 3 | — | 1 | 3 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Andrii et al., Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice, 2024 | Remote medical-psychological rehabilitation program | 248 | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.59) | 2 | — | — | 2 | — | 2.5 | High | |
| Rania et al., Biology of Sport, 2024 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 30 | 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) in metersFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 15 | 8 | — | 7 | — | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Zhuo et al., Clinical Cardiology, 2025 | Neuromodulation | 57 | Change in heart rate from supine to 10-min stand (ΔHR)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 8 | — | — | — | 8 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Saher et al., Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2025 | Exercise training | 80 | Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)Favors intervention (p=0.003) | 7 | 7 | — | — | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Shani et al., Scientific Reports, 2022 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 79 | Global cognitive scoreFavors intervention (p=0.04) | 21 | 9 | — | 12 | — | 2.3 | Low | |
| María et al., Scientific Reports, 2025 | Mindfulness | — | Perceived StressFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | — | 2.3 | High | |
| Andreas et al., Scientific Reports, 2024 | Exercise training | 174 | Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 10 | 6 | — | — | 4 | 2.3 | High | |
| Amaya et al., Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2022 | Exercise training | 39 | Estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)Favors intervention (p=0.04) | 19 | 12 | — | 7 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Diana et al., BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2025 | Balneotherapy | 98 | Visual Analogue Scale for painFavors control (p=0.03) | 15 | — | 9 | 6 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Giovanni et al., European Psychiatry, 2024 | L-arginine | 96 | Fatigue symptom severitySignificant (p=0.008) | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Ana et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2024 | Pilates | 70 | Total Fatigue ScoreSignificant (p=0.01) | 21 | 2 | — | 1 | 18 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Patrycja et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | 49 | Overall Stability Index - Eyes Open (OSI EO)Significant (p=0.002) | 14 | — | — | — | 14 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Katarzyna et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | 46 | Elbow Flexors Isometric Strength (N.m/kg)Favors intervention (p<0.001) | 15 | 5 | 1 | 9 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Tichanon et al., Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 2025 | Exercise training | 60 | —— | 16 | — | 4 | — | 12 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Shiqian et al., Respiratory Medicine, 2024 | IHHT | 98 | Six-Minute Walk DistanceSignificant (p=0.001) | 13 | — | — | — | 13 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Florent et al., American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2025 | Inspiratory muscle training, Pulmonary rehabilitation | 40 | VO2peak (mL/kg/min)Significant (p=0.003) | 28 | — | — | — | 28 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Emilie et al., Nature Medicine, 2025 | Digital health intervention | 234 | Participant-selected dominant LC symptom score (standardized)Favors intervention (p<0.001) | 16 | 11 | — | 4 | 1 | 2.2 | Some concerns | |
| Gareth et al., BMJ, 2024 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 585 | Health-related quality of life (PROMIS preference score)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 5 | 1 | 3 | — | 1 | 2.2 | Some concerns | |
| Jens et al., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024 | Inspiratory muscle training | 18 | Inspiratory muscle fatiguability (time to task failure)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 13 | 3 | — | 10 | — | 2.1 | Some concerns | |
| Alexander et al., Russian Open Medical Journal, 2025 | Ozone therapy | 140 | Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levelSignificant (p=0.002) | 9 | — | — | — | 9 | 2.0 | Some concerns | |
| Tessa et al., BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 2026 | Multimodal symptom-based inpatient rehabilitation programme, Usual care | 132 | Physical health-related quality of life (SF-12 PCS)Favors intervention (p=0.04) | 5 | 4 | — | — | 1 | 2.0 | Some concerns | |
| Angela et al., Advances in Therapy, 2024 | Vortioxetine | 147 | QIDS-SR-16 total score (depressive symptoms)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 3 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 1.8 | High | |
| Jessie et al., Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2022 | Longevity essential oil blend (thyme | 44 | Total fatigue score (MFSI)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 7 | 7 | — | — | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Serena et al., Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Balneotherapy | 30 | 6-Minute Walk Test distance— | 15 | — | — | — | 15 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Ying et al., Blood, 2024 | UC-MSCs | 30 | Fatigue severity (Chalder Fatigue Scale, CFQ-11) - non-fatigue classification— | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Bingqing et al., Trials, 2024 | Exercise training | 24 | Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) in mL/kg/minFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 22 | 6 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| María et al., PLOS One, 2026 | Exercise training | 20 | Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 12 | 5 | — | 7 | — | 1.8 | Some concerns |