← Bird's Eye Reviews
Long Covid Clinical Trials
View breakdown of all Long COVID articles →Filter by Long Covid definition
Filter by trial type(136 of 778 trials selected)
Trials by publication year
Trials by Long Covid definition
Meets WHO definition (≥12 weeks) (100%)
Below WHO threshold (0%)
Trial type
Trials by country
Trials by intervention
Each segment is one intervention — hover for name, click to filter table
Trials by primary symptom domain
Blinding type vs. statistical significance
Open-label trials tend to report more positive results
Trial landscape
Intervention category × symptom domain (cell = number of trials)
| Cognitive | Dyspnea | Exercise Capacity | Fatigue | Functional | Mental Health | Olfactory | Other | Overall | Pain | Quality Of Life | Sleep | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Cell Therapy | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Device | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Drug/Supplement | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 4 | – | 7 | 7 | 3 | 4 | – |
| Exercise | – | 5 | 13 | 3 | – | 1 | – | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | – |
| Immunomodulator | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Neurostimulation | 3 | – | – | 8 | – | 1 | – | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Oxygen Therapy | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – |
| Psychological | 1 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 3 | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | – |
| Rehabilitation | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 6 | – | 4 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 1 |
| Respiratory Therapy | – | 3 | 4 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Supplement | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Traditional Medicine | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
All Trials
136 trials match
| Reference | Intervention | N | Primary Outcome | # Out | + Sig | − / NS | Unk | Promise Score ↓ | Risk of Bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palau et al., BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 2022 | Inspiratory muscle training | 26 | Peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 11 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 3.5 | Some concerns | |
| Longobardi et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2023 | Exercise training | 50 | SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 20 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 3.5 | Some concerns | |
| Yasacı et al., Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), 2025 | Exercise training | 64 | Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC)Favors control (p=0.001) | 6 | — | 6 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Calvache-Mateo et al., Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2025 | Exercise training | 57 | Pain IntensityFavors control (p=0.001) | 15 | — | 15 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Santana et al., Brain Stimulation, 2023 | tDCS | 70 | Fatigue severity - MFIS TotalFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 6 | 2 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Romanet et al., Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2023 | Exercise training | 60 | Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP) Total ScoreFavors intervention (p<0.001) | 8 | 6 | 2 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kuut et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2023 | CBT | 114 | Fatigue severity (CIS-fatigue subscale)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 8 | — | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Daynes et al., European Respiratory Journal, 2025 | Exercise training | 181 | Incremental Shuttle Walking Test distanceFavors intervention (p=0.002) | 15 | 1 | — | 14 | 3.0 | Low | |
| Polat et al., Healthcare, 2025 | Virtual reality rehabilitation | 79 | Pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 7 | 3 | 4 | — | 3.0 | Low | |
| Maritescu et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 61 | —— | 11 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Nerli et al., JAMA Network Open, 2024 | Cognitive rehabilitation | 314 | SF-36 Physical Function SubscaleFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 17 | 10 | 7 | — | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Howden et al., European Heart Journal, 2025 | Exercise training | 133 | Indexed peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3.0 | Some concerns | |
| Huang et al., eClinicalMedicine, 2026 | UC-MSCs | 30 | —— | 14 | 10 | 4 | — | 2.8 | Some concerns | |
| del Corral et al., Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2023 | Inspiratory muscle training, Breathing exercises | 88 | Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L index)No sig. diff. | 11 | — | — | 11 | 2.6 | Low | |
| 10.48035/tesis/2454/53703 | Exercise training | 100 | Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 16 | 1 | — | 15 | 2.6 | Some concerns | |
| Uswatte et al., Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2023 | CICT | 9 | Brain fog severity - Mental Clutter ScaleNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 3 | — | 2 | 1 | 2.5 | High | |
| Orlova et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2022 | IHHT | 36 | —— | 7 | — | — | 7 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Abhani et al., Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 2025 | Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana with Mrudwika Sharkara | 110 | Fatigue severityFavors intervention (p=0.01) | 13 | 13 | — | — | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Soldatenko et al., Bulletin of Russian State Medical University, 2024 | Ozone therapy | 140 | —— | 9 | 9 | — | — | 2.5 | High | |
| Tanashyan et al., Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2022 | Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (Brainmax) | 160 | Asthenia scale MFI-20 score change (Visit 0 to Visit 5, primary endpoint)Significant (p=0.001) | 19 | — | — | 19 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Kuznetsova et al., Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2023 | Succinic acid complex with trimethylhydrazinium (Brainmax) | 160 | Asthenia score (MFI-20)Significant (p=0.001) | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Burdeinyi et al., Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice, 2024 | Remote medical-psychological rehabilitation program | 248 | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.59) | 2 | — | 2 | — | 2.5 | High | |
| Kaddoussi et al., Biology of Sport, 2024 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 30 | 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) in metersFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 15 | 8 | 7 | — | 2.5 | Some concerns | |
| Wang et al., Clinical Cardiology, 2025 | Neuromodulation | 57 | Change in heart rate from supine to 10-min stand (ΔHR)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 8 | — | — | 8 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Elgayar et al., Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2025 | Exercise training | 80 | Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)Favors intervention (p=0.003) | 7 | 7 | — | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Zilberman-Itskovich et al., Scientific Reports, 2022 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 79 | Global cognitive scoreFavors intervention (p=0.04) | 21 | 9 | 12 | — | 2.3 | Low | |
| Monroy et al., Scientific Reports, 2025 | Mindfulness | — | Perceived StressFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 6 | 3 | 3 | — | 2.3 | High | |
| Barz et al., Scientific Reports, 2024 | Exercise training | 174 | Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 10 | 6 | — | 4 | 2.3 | High | |
| Jimeno‐Almazán et al., Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2022 | Exercise training | 39 | Estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)Favors intervention (p=0.04) | 19 | 12 | 7 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Ovejero et al., BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2025 | Balneotherapy | 98 | Visual Analogue Scale for painFavors control (p=0.03) | 15 | — | 15 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Moniello et al., European Psychiatry, 2024 | L-arginine | 96 | Fatigue symptom severitySignificant (p=0.008) | 2 | — | — | 2 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Cunha et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2024 | Pilates | 70 | Total Fatigue ScoreSignificant (p=0.01) | 21 | 2 | 1 | 18 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Bobowik et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | 49 | Overall Stability Index - Eyes Open (OSI EO)Significant (p=0.002) | 14 | — | — | 14 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Kaczmarczyk et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | 46 | Elbow Flexors Isometric Strength (N.m/kg)Favors intervention (p<0.001) | 15 | 5 | 10 | — | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Promsrisuk et al., Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 2025 | Exercise training | 60 | —— | 16 | — | 4 | 12 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Zha et al., Respiratory Medicine, 2024 | IHHT | 98 | Six-Minute Walk DistanceSignificant (p=0.001) | 13 | — | — | 13 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Besnier et al., American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2025 | Inspiratory muscle training, Pulmonary rehabilitation | 40 | VO2peak (mL/kg/min)Significant (p=0.003) | 28 | — | — | 28 | 2.3 | Some concerns | |
| Combet et al., Nature Medicine, 2025 | Digital health intervention | 234 | Participant-selected dominant LC symptom score (standardized)Favors intervention (p<0.001) | 16 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 2.2 | Some concerns | |
| Iacobucci et al., BMJ, 2024 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 585 | Health-related quality of life (PROMIS preference score)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2.2 | Some concerns | |
| Spiesshoefer et al., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024 | Inspiratory muscle training | 18 | Inspiratory muscle fatiguability (time to task failure)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 13 | 3 | 10 | — | 2.1 | Some concerns | |
| Soldatenko et al., Russian Open Medical Journal, 2025 | Ozone therapy | 140 | Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levelSignificant (p=0.002) | 9 | — | — | 9 | 2.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kwan et al., Advances in Therapy, 2024 | Vortioxetine | 147 | QIDS-SR-16 total score (depressive symptoms)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 3 | 1 | — | 2 | 1.8 | High | |
| Hawkins et al., Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2022 | Longevity essential oil blend (thyme | 44 | Total fatigue score (MFSI)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 7 | 7 | — | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Crucianelli et al., Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Balneotherapy | 30 | 6-Minute Walk Test distance— | 15 | — | — | 15 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Chen et al., Blood, 2024 | UC-MSCs | 30 | Fatigue severity (Chalder Fatigue Scale, CFQ-11) - non-fatigue classification— | 2 | — | — | 2 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Bai et al., Trials, 2024 | Exercise training | 24 | Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) in mL/kg/minFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 22 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Miranda et al., PLOS One, 2026 | Exercise training | 20 | Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 12 | 5 | 7 | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Shchikota et al., Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation, 2023 | Exercise training | 160 | —— | 17 | — | — | 17 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Abo Elyazed et al., Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2024 | Breathing exercises | 60 | Modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scaleFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 10 | 10 | — | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| SICK et al., European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2025 | Exercise training | 66 | Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)Favors intervention (p=0.002) | 13 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Leitner et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2025 | Cognitive rehabilitation, Exercise training | 40 | MoCA Memory Index Score (MIS)No sig. diff. (p=0.45) | 21 | — | 1 | 20 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Perçin et al., İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2025 | Exercise training | 176 | EQ-5D-3L MobilityNo sig. diff. (p=0.12) | 6 | — | 6 | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Karelova et al., Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2025 | IHHT | 120 | Dyspnea intensity (mMRC scale)Favors intervention (p=0.02) | 17 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Arovah et al., Journal of Sport and Health Research, 2025 | Exercise training | 60 | Oxygen saturation (SpO2)Favors intervention (p=0.04) | 8 | 4 | 4 | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Tanashyan et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023 | Coordination complex with succinate acid anion (CCSA; ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate + meldonium) | 30 | Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) scoreFavors intervention (p=0.002) | 3 | 2 | 1 | — | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Jorge et al., Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 2025 | Pilates | 59 | 6-Minute Walk Test distanceFavors intervention (p=0.01) | 10 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Rubel et al., Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy, 2025 | Neuromodulation | 150 | Chronic fatigue severity (MFI-20 total score)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 7 | 5 | — | 2 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Munguía et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2026 | Nutritional supplement | 46 | Self-reported fatigue level— | 11 | — | — | 11 | 1.8 | Some concerns | |
| Pleguezuelos et al., Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2024 | Exercise training | 120 | CPET durationFavors intervention (p=0.001) | 24 | 11 | 1 | 12 | 1.7 | Some concerns | |
| Romanet et al., 2022 | Exercise training | 60 | Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) total scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.85) | 8 | 1 | 7 | — | 1.7 | Some concerns | |
| Oliver-Mas et al., Scientific Reports, 2025 | tDCS | 67 | Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)No sig. diff. (p=0.17) | 18 | — | — | 18 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Toussaint et al., Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2023 | Psychotherapy | 100 | General Fatigue (MFI)No sig. diff. (p=0.29) | 2 | — | 2 | — | 1.5 | High | |
| Ogonowska-Slodownik et al., ERJ Open Research, 2025 | Exercise training | 86 | —— | 14 | 4 | — | 10 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| León-Herrera et al., Archives of Public Health, 2024 | Telerehabilitation | 134 | SF-36 Physical Health component scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.68) | 10 | 1 | 9 | — | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Mohamed et al., International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2025 | Exercise training | 40 | Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 12 | 12 | — | — | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Volovets et al., Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation, 2022 | IHHT | 50 | Hemoglobin (Hb)No sig. diff. | 23 | — | — | 23 | 1.5 | High | |
| Nosenko et al., REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY, 2023 | Femicycle or Femimens (Ayurvedic phytocompositions) | 104 | Infrequent menstruation (rare menstruation)No sig. diff. | 18 | — | — | 18 | 1.5 | High | |
| Balykova et al., Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 2025 | L-carnitine | 90 | Absence of complaints and normalization of objective status at 6 weeksNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 33 | 2 | 5 | 26 | 1.5 | High | |
| Nedogoda et al., Journal of Volgograd State Medical University, 2022 | Neuromodulation | 60 | MFI-20 Total Score (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 13 | — | — | 13 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Ribeiro et al., Hygeia - Revista Brasileira de Geografia Médica e da Saúde, 2024 | Pilates | 39 | Six-Minute Walk Test total distanceNo sig. diff. | 19 | 1 | — | 18 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Ladozhskaya-Gapeenko et al., Regional blood circulation and microcirculation, 2025 | Dynamic inversion table (gravitational therapy) | 70 | Work capacity (power of performed work)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 5 | 4 | — | 1 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Rubilar et al., Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 2024 | Echinochrome A | 50 | EuroQol 5D-3L Mobility dimensionSignificant (p=0.01) | 11 | 2 | — | 9 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Bileviciute-Ljungar et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Telerehabilitation | 116 | ICF Fatigability (b-category)No sig. diff. (p=0.30) | 20 | — | — | 20 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Atieh et al., Nutrients, 2025 | Vitamin D | 151 | RECOVER Long COVID Research IndexFavors intervention (p=0.04) | 19 | 2 | — | 17 | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Walinjkar et al., AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda), 2024 | Chatushashti Prahari Pippali (CPP) | 112 | Cough severityFavors intervention (p=0.01) | 16 | 15 | 1 | — | 1.5 | Some concerns | |
| Dal Negro et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 2022 | Nebivolol | 8 | Dyspnoea score (mMRC)No sig. diff. | 9 | — | — | 9 | 1.4 | Some concerns | |
| Riste et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2026 | Digital health intervention | 100 | Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ-11) - Likert scoring (0-3)Favors intervention (p=0.01) | 1 | 1 | — | — | 1.2 | High | |
| Kwan et al., Annals of General Psychiatry, 2024 | Vortioxetine | 147 | Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) scoreFavors intervention (p=0.05) | 5 | 1 | — | 4 | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| Genç et al., Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 2024 | taVNS | 44 | —— | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| Rutkowski et al., Frontiers in Public Health, 2023 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 32 | 6-Minute Walk Test DistanceNo sig. diff. (p=0.26) | 10 | — | 10 | — | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| Maccarone et al., Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 2025 | Balneotherapy | 60 | Mean Stay Time (ST) - eyes closed conditionNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 16 | — | — | 16 | 1.2 | High | |
| Gracia Aznar et al., Biomedicines, 2024 | Marine oil (SPMs) | 53 | 14-HDHA serum concentrationSignificant (p=0.002) | 8 | — | — | 8 | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| Stavrou et al., Brain Sciences, 2024 | Telerehabilitation | 49 | —— | 24 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| 10.7416/ai.2025.2678 | Mindfulness | 105 | Pain intensity - Worst pain in the last 24 hours (BPI-SF)No sig. diff. (p=0.62) | 15 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1.2 | Some concerns | |
| Busse et al., BMJ Medicine, 2025 | Digital health intervention | 554 | Ox-PAQ routine activities domain scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 14 | 9 | 5 | — | 1.0 | Some concerns | |
| Ladygin et al., Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation, 2024 | Neuromodulation | 142 | MMSE Total Score— | 19 | — | — | 19 | 1.0 | High | |
| Nwankwo et al., BMC Health Services Research, 2024 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 585 | EQ-5D-5L utility scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.90) | 5 | — | 3 | 2 | 0.9 | Some concerns | |
| Slankamenac et al., Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2024 | Creatine | 8 | Total creatine - Vastus medialis muscleNo sig. diff. (p=0.06) | 23 | 5 | 18 | — | 0.9 | Some concerns | |
| Oliver-Mas et al., SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022 | tDCS | 48 | MFIS Total ScoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.18) | 7 | — | — | 7 | 0.9 | Some concerns | |
| Leitman et al., Scientific Reports, 2023 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 79 | Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) - Full cohortNo sig. diff. (p=0.24) | 12 | — | — | 12 | 0.8 | Some concerns | |
| Jimeno-Almazán et al., Journal of Applied Physiology, 2023 | Exercise training, Inspiratory muscle training | 83 | Estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)— | 15 | — | 5 | 10 | 0.8 | Some concerns | |
| Bileviciute-Ljungar et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025 | Telerehabilitation | 116 | Pain intensity (NRS)No sig. diff. | 18 | 1 | — | 17 | 0.8 | Some concerns | |
| Lim et al., eClinicalMedicine, 2026 | Photobiomodulation | 43 | Creyos cognitive battery composite score (7-task average z-score)No sig. diff. (p=0.09) | 9 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 0.7 | Some concerns | |
| Brichetti et al., 2023 | Echinochrome A | 46 | EQ-5D-3L Mobility dimensionNo sig. diff. (p=0.26) | 7 | — | — | 7 | 0.7 | Some concerns | |
| NagaRaju et al., INTI Journal, 2023 | Exercise training | 30 | Six-minute walk testNo sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 2 | 1 | 1 | — | 0.7 | High | |
| Armstrong et al., Health Expectations, 2024 | Digital health intervention | 32 | —— | 16 | — | — | 16 | 0.6 | Some concerns | |
| Gagnon et al., PLOS ONE, 2024 | Supplemental oxygen | 21 | Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Total ScoreNo sig. diff. | 20 | — | — | 20 | 0.6 | Some concerns | |
| King et al., Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2023 | Telerehabilitation | 21 | —— | 10 | — | 10 | — | 0.5 | Some concerns | |
| Melián-Ortíz et al., Brain Sciences, 2025 | Neuromodulation | 18 | Heart Rate Variability - SDNNFavors intervention (p=0.02) | 17 | 1 | 16 | — | 0.4 | Some concerns | |
| Geng et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, 2024 | Paxlovid | 155 | Pooled severity of 6 core PASC symptoms at 10 weeks (Likert scale)— | 18 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Knopman et al., JAMA Neurology, 2026 | Cognitive rehabilitation, tDCS | 328 | Modified Everyday Cognition Scale 2 (ECog2)No sig. diff. (p=0.98) | 12 | — | 1 | 11 | 0.0 | Low | |
| Finnigan et al., eClinicalMedicine, 2023 | AXA1125 | 41 | Post-exertional phosphocreatine recovery rate time constant (τPCr)No sig. diff. (p=0.24) | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Hohberger et al., eClinicalMedicine, 2025 | BC007 | 30 | Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) from baseline to day 28No sig. diff. (p=0.13) | 12 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Hansen et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 2023 | Coenzyme Q10 | 121 | PCC-related symptom score (PCC-specific questionnaire)No sig. diff. (p=0.32) | 11 | — | 2 | 9 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| España-Cueto et al., Nature Communications, 2025 | Immunoadsorption | 50 | Safety - Adverse Events— | 10 | — | — | 10 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Samper-Pardo et al., Scientific Reports, 2023 | Telerehabilitation | 100 | Quality of life - Physical HealthNo sig. diff. (p=0.23) | 12 | — | 12 | — | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Oliver-Mas et al., Brain Communications, 2023 | tDCS | 48 | MFIS total scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.18) | 8 | — | — | 8 | 0.0 | Low | |
| Cabello Fernandez et al., Brain Communications, 2025 | Cognitive rehabilitation | 130 | Subjective executive and attention complaints (BRIEF-A Global Executive Composite)No sig. diff. (p=0.68) | 18 | — | 2 | 16 | 0.0 | Low | |
| Gaudreau-Majeau et al., Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2025 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 40 | —— | 20 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Harris et al., Health Expectations, 2025 | Digital health intervention | 544 | Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) from EQ-5D-5LNo sig. diff. | 10 | — | — | 10 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kjellberg et al., BMJ Open, 2025 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 80 | RAND-36 Physical Functioning (PF)No sig. diff. (p=0.87) | 9 | — | 9 | — | 0.0 | Low | |
| Percin et al., International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2025 | taVNS | 42 | Fatigue Severity ScaleNo sig. diff. (p=0.13) | 8 | — | 8 | — | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| León-Herrera et al., International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2025 | Telerehabilitation | 100 | SF-36 Physical Health (physical health-related quality of life)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 10 | — | 10 | — | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kjellberg et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, 2023 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 20 | RAND-36 Physical Functioning (PF)Favors control (p=0.001) | 7 | — | 5 | 2 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kerling et al., BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2024 | Telerehabilitation | 72 | Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)No sig. diff. | 12 | — | — | 12 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Michi et al., Journal of Intensive Care, 2023 | Helmet noninvasive ventilation | 109 | Percentage of patients with any symptoms at 6-month follow-upNo sig. diff. (p=0.71) | 34 | — | 33 | 1 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Vernon et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025 | Oxaloacetate | 69 | Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire Total ScoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.71) | 28 | 2 | 20 | 6 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Russo et al., Brain Sciences, 2024 | Psychotherapy | 160 | Subjective Units of Distress (SUDs)No sig. diff. (p=0.50) | 3 | — | 3 | — | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Mooren et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2023 | Exercise training | 139 | Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)No sig. diff. (p=0.16) | 18 | 1 | 12 | 5 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Pietranis et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | 59 | Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (PImax)No sig. diff. (p=0.28) | 13 | — | — | 13 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Kaczmarczyk et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024 | Exercise training | — | Body mass (DXA)No sig. diff. (p=0.81) | 14 | — | 14 | — | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Sarkar et al., Cureus, 2024 | Omega-3 | 32 | —— | 7 | — | 5 | 2 | 0.0 | High | |
| Krumholz et al., The American Journal of Medicine, 2025 | Paxlovid | 100 | PROMIS-29 Physical Health Summary Score change from baseline— | 12 | — | — | 12 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| McIntyre et al., Brain, 2024 | Vortioxetine | 149 | Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) composite z-scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.36) | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Abramoff et al., 2025 | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | 180 | 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)— | 20 | — | — | 20 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Hansen et al., SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022 | Coenzyme Q10 | 121 | PCC-related symptom scoreNo sig. diff. (p=0.32) | 7 | — | 2 | 5 | 0.0 | Low | |
| Rayapuraju et al., 2025 | Mindfulness, Breathing exercises | 188 | Compliance (practice adherence)— | 18 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| Sawano et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2025 | Paxlovid | 100 | PROMIS-29 v2.1 Physical Health Summary Score (PHSS)No sig. diff. (p=0.54) | 9 | — | 1 | 8 | 0.0 | Some concerns | |
| 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4386 | Exercise training | — | Post-exertional fatigue (VAS) change from baseline to 48h after exercise— | 8 | — | — | 8 | — | Some concerns | |
| 10.1101/2024.07.04.24309908 | CICT | 16 | Canadian Occupational Performance Measure - Performance Scale (COPM Performance)Favors intervention (p=0.001) | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | — | High | |
| 10.1101/2024.12.13.24318856 | BC007 | 30 | Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) from baseline to day 28No sig. diff. (p=0.13) | 13 | 8 | — | 5 | — | Some concerns | |
| 10.1136/bmj.q988 | Telerehabilitation | — | —— | 0 | — | — | — | — | Some concerns | |
| 10.1186/s12890-024-02965-3 | Pulmonary rehabilitation | 19 | —— | 14 | — | — | 14 | — | Some concerns | |
| 10.14218/fim.2024.00043 | Acupuncture | 164 | EAV pretest electrodermal activity reading at Ne-3 (nervous degeneration meridian)No sig. diff. (p=0.05) | 5 | — | 1 | 4 | — | High | |
| 10.3390/ijms26104582 | Vitamin D | 54 | Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activityFavors control (p=0.006) | 8 | 1 | 2 | 5 | — | High | |
| 10.1177/19458924221120116 | Olfactory training | 50 | Sniffin' Sticks TDI (Threshold, Discrimination, Identification) composite scoreFavors intervention (p<0.001) | 5 | 2 | — | 3 | — | Some concerns |