Replication Rate by Citation Count

Are highly cited papers more replicable? Yang, Youyou & Uzzi (PNAS 2020) found that the 61 papers that failed replication were cited at the same yearly rate as the 39 that passed — citation counts did not distinguish replicable from non-replicable findings (their Fig. 1). This page repeats that comparison on the full replications database, using per-year citation counts from OpenAlex for every original paper with a DOI.

Rate = success / (success + failure + reversal); inconclusive and unrecorded outcomes excluded, where success means the outcome recorded in the database. Unit: replication effect (n = 7,015 — originals matched in the OpenAlex citation dataset). How this is defined.

Citation trajectories for papers that passed vs failed replication

050100150051015202530Passed replication, 1 year since publication: median 1 cumulative citations (95% CI 1–1, n=2,378 papers)Passed replication, 2 years since publication: median 6 cumulative citations (95% CI 5–6, n=2,376 papers)Passed replication, 3 years since publication: median 11 cumulative citations (95% CI 11–12, n=2,367 papers)Passed replication, 4 years since publication: median 19 cumulative citations (95% CI 18–20, n=2,346 papers)Passed replication, 5 years since publication: median 26 cumulative citations (95% CI 25–28, n=2,299 papers)Passed replication, 6 years since publication: median 34 cumulative citations (95% CI 32–37, n=2,244 papers)Passed replication, 7 years since publication: median 42 cumulative citations (95% CI 40–45, n=2,145 papers)Passed replication, 8 years since publication: median 51 cumulative citations (95% CI 48–55, n=2,056 papers)Passed replication, 9 years since publication: median 59 cumulative citations (95% CI 55–63, n=1,956 papers)Passed replication, 10 years since publication: median 67 cumulative citations (95% CI 62–71, n=1,847 papers)Passed replication, 11 years since publication: median 75 cumulative citations (95% CI 69–80, n=1,752 papers)Passed replication, 12 years since publication: median 83 cumulative citations (95% CI 77–90, n=1,636 papers)Passed replication, 13 years since publication: median 92 cumulative citations (95% CI 83–100, n=1,524 papers)Passed replication, 14 years since publication: median 99 cumulative citations (95% CI 89–108, n=1,412 papers)Passed replication, 15 years since publication: median 106 cumulative citations (95% CI 96–117, n=1,295 papers)Passed replication, 16 years since publication: median 111 cumulative citations (95% CI 103–124, n=1,192 papers)Passed replication, 17 years since publication: median 115 cumulative citations (95% CI 104–126, n=1,073 papers)Passed replication, 18 years since publication: median 120 cumulative citations (95% CI 106–129, n=941 papers)Passed replication, 19 years since publication: median 122 cumulative citations (95% CI 107–136, n=809 papers)Passed replication, 20 years since publication: median 120 cumulative citations (95% CI 105–136, n=724 papers)Passed replication, 21 years since publication: median 117 cumulative citations (95% CI 103–136, n=657 papers)Passed replication, 22 years since publication: median 120 cumulative citations (95% CI 105–142, n=593 papers)Passed replication, 23 years since publication: median 124 cumulative citations (95% CI 104–143, n=538 papers)Passed replication, 24 years since publication: median 119 cumulative citations (95% CI 101–144, n=489 papers)Passed replication, 25 years since publication: median 121 cumulative citations (95% CI 101–149, n=449 papers)Passed replication, 26 years since publication: median 119 cumulative citations (95% CI 102–152, n=407 papers)Passed replication, 27 years since publication: median 123 cumulative citations (95% CI 100–162, n=371 papers)Passed replication, 28 years since publication: median 120 cumulative citations (95% CI 98–161, n=337 papers)Passed replication, 29 years since publication: median 123 cumulative citations (95% CI 100–159, n=308 papers)Passed replication, 30 years since publication: median 121 cumulative citations (95% CI 97–148, n=281 papers)Failed replication, 1 year since publication: median 1 cumulative citations (95% CI 1–2, n=1,864 papers)Failed replication, 2 years since publication: median 7 cumulative citations (95% CI 7–8, n=1,863 papers)Failed replication, 3 years since publication: median 15 cumulative citations (95% CI 14–16, n=1,859 papers)Failed replication, 4 years since publication: median 25 cumulative citations (95% CI 23–26, n=1,849 papers)Failed replication, 5 years since publication: median 34 cumulative citations (95% CI 32–35, n=1,835 papers)Failed replication, 6 years since publication: median 43 cumulative citations (95% CI 41–46, n=1,806 papers)Failed replication, 7 years since publication: median 53 cumulative citations (95% CI 50–56, n=1,761 papers)Failed replication, 8 years since publication: median 62 cumulative citations (95% CI 59–68, n=1,720 papers)Failed replication, 9 years since publication: median 72 cumulative citations (95% CI 68–80, n=1,674 papers)Failed replication, 10 years since publication: median 83 cumulative citations (95% CI 76–93, n=1,596 papers)Failed replication, 11 years since publication: median 95 cumulative citations (95% CI 86–102, n=1,511 papers)Failed replication, 12 years since publication: median 106 cumulative citations (95% CI 95–114, n=1,422 papers)Failed replication, 13 years since publication: median 115 cumulative citations (95% CI 104–123, n=1,323 papers)Failed replication, 14 years since publication: median 126 cumulative citations (95% CI 115–137, n=1,232 papers)Failed replication, 15 years since publication: median 132 cumulative citations (95% CI 120–144, n=1,118 papers)Failed replication, 16 years since publication: median 136 cumulative citations (95% CI 125–153, n=994 papers)Failed replication, 17 years since publication: median 138 cumulative citations (95% CI 126–158, n=870 papers)Failed replication, 18 years since publication: median 143 cumulative citations (95% CI 128–159, n=766 papers)Failed replication, 19 years since publication: median 145 cumulative citations (95% CI 126–164, n=628 papers)Failed replication, 20 years since publication: median 143 cumulative citations (95% CI 121–159, n=542 papers)Failed replication, 21 years since publication: median 137 cumulative citations (95% CI 112–160, n=476 papers)Failed replication, 22 years since publication: median 132 cumulative citations (95% CI 110–162, n=429 papers)Failed replication, 23 years since publication: median 142 cumulative citations (95% CI 120–173, n=381 papers)Failed replication, 24 years since publication: median 142 cumulative citations (95% CI 119–181, n=317 papers)Failed replication, 25 years since publication: median 142 cumulative citations (95% CI 115–179, n=280 papers)Failed replication, 26 years since publication: median 131 cumulative citations (95% CI 100–172, n=245 papers)Failed replication, 27 years since publication: median 121 cumulative citations (95% CI 96–172, n=220 papers)Failed replication, 28 years since publication: median 117 cumulative citations (95% CI 88–150, n=198 papers)Failed replication, 29 years since publication: median 111 cumulative citations (95% CI 80–144, n=173 papers)Failed replication, 30 years since publication: median 112 cumulative citations (95% CI 80–149, n=160 papers)Passed replicationFailed replicationYears since publicationMedian cumulative citations receivedThe Metascience Observatory

Median cumulative number of citations received by each year since publication, for original papers classified as replicated (2,378 papers) vs not replicated (1,864 papers) under the selected criterion and threshold. Unlike Yang et al.’s single-year 2008 cohort, our originals span several decades, so the x-axis is years since publication rather than calendar year; each point uses only the papers old enough to have observed that year, and the axis is capped at 30 years (or earlier if a group falls below 30 papers) — beyond that, the shrinking sample is dominated by a few heavily-replicated classics.Shaded bands are distribution-free 95% confidence intervals for the median (from order statistics); where they overlap, the two groups’ citation rates are statistically indistinguishable. Citation counts are heavily right-skewed — the mean runs roughly 3× the median because replication projects target influential papers — so the median is the default view. Hover the lines for exact values and group sizes.

4,242 papers in the trajectory chart · 745 excluded (no OpenAlex match or publication year) · 846 excluded (inconclusive outcome)

Replication rate by citations in first 5 years

0%25%50%75%100%<10: 61.7% replicated (600/973), cluster-bootstrap 95% CI [57–67%]62%<10n=97310–29: 56.2% replicated (1083/1928), cluster-bootstrap 95% CI [52–60%]56%10–29n=1,92830–74: 50.6% replicated (823/1626), cluster-bootstrap 95% CI [47–54%]51%30–74n=1,62675–149: 47.0% replicated (362/770), cluster-bootstrap 95% CI [42–52%]47%75–149n=770150+: 46.4% replicated (333/717), cluster-bootstrap 95% CI [41–51%]46%150+n=717Original paper citations in first 5 yearsReplication rate (%)The Metascience Observatory

6,014 replications plotted in the binned charts · 1,001 determinate rows excluded (no OpenAlex match or fewer than 5 observed years)

Citation source. Total citation counts and per-year trajectories come from the OpenAlex API (generated 2026-07-13). A paper’s per-year citations are the publication years of the works citing it; the current partial year is excluded from trajectories, and the rare citing works dated before publication (preprints, metadata errors) are counted in year 0.

Matching. Original papers are matched to OpenAlex by DOI: 7,306 of 8,445 replication rows (86.5%) have a matched original; rows without a DOI or without an OpenAlex record are excluded from the charts.

Units. The trajectory chart classifies each original paper as replicated if at least the threshold share of its determinate effect-level replications succeeded. The binned charts instead count every determinate replication attempt once. Reversals count as determinate non-replications; inconclusive rows are excluded.

Data: replications_database_2026_08_01_120356.csv.

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