Antiviral Nasal Spray Trial Screening
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27,745
Records identified from database searches
PubMed · OpenAlex · Europe PMC · CyberLeninka · Semantic Scholar
26,981 — excluded on title/abstract — not relevant
764
Full-text articles determined as eligible after AI screening
6 — not retrieved
758
Full-text articles retrieved and screened
210 — excluded — not a treatment study
548
Treatment studies (human + preclinical) (displayed on this page)
252 — excluded — preclinical studies
Animal (in vivo)208
Formulation / PK21
In vitro12
Ex vivo / tissue10
In silico1
166
Human studies
7 — excluded — case series / case reports
159
Human clinical trials
7 — excluded — not nasal-delivered (inhaled aerosol / oral / mouthwash / capsule)
152
Nasal-delivery human clinical trials
Randomized controlled trial68
Human challenge trial43
Non-randomized trial35
Observational6
+ 130 other / unclear study design
Treatment Studies by Study Design (n = 548)
ClinicalPreclinical
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Treatment Studies by Organism / System (n = 548)
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Treatment Studies by Prevention vs Treatment (n = 548)
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Most-Studied Compounds
261 distinct compounds across 416 treatment studies. The 45 compounds studied by two or more papers are shown below. Click a bar to filter the table below to that compound.
Studied by a single paper (216 compounds) — click a compound to filter the table below to its study.
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Showing 100 of 556 articles
| Reference | Spray Type | Compound | Study Design | Phase | Organism | Prevention / Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otologic Effects of Interferon Beta Serine in Experimental Rhinovirus Colds Sperber, S. et al.. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 118(9) 933-936. (1992) | Interferon | recombinant interferon beta serine | Human Challenge | — | Human | Treatment |
| Formulation of a Composite Nasal Spray Enabling Enhanced Surface Coverage and Prophylaxis of SARS‐COV‐2 Moakes, R. et al.. Advanced Materials 33(26) 2008304. (2021) | Barrier Agent | gellan and lambda-carrageenan composite | Formulation Pk | — | In Vitro | Prevention |
| Azelastine Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infections Lehr, T. et al.. JAMA Internal Medicine 185(11) 1309. (2025) | Other | azelastine | RCT | — | Human | Prevention |
| Supramolecular Architectures of Dendritic Polymers Provide Irreversible Inhibitor to Block Viral Infection Mohammadifar, E. et al.. Advanced Materials 37(3) e2408294. (2025) | Other | dendritic polymer 2d-suprapol | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Inhaled Dry Powder Formulation of Tamibarotene, a Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral against Respiratory Viruses Including SARS‐CoV‐2 and Influenza Virus Liao, Q. et al.. Advanced Therapeutics 4(7) 2100059. (2021) | Antiviral Drug | tamibarotene | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Repurposing CRISPR/Cas to Discover SARS‐CoV‐2 Detecting and Neutralizing Aptamers Zhang, J. et al.. Advanced Science 10(22) e2300656. (2023) | Other | rna aptamer (modified with 2'-fluoro pyrimidines, 2'-o-methyl purines, cholesterol, and peg40k) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Both |
| Photoinduced Cleavage of Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Chiral Vanadium Trioxide Nanoparticles Shi, B. et al.. Advanced Materials 37(11) e2420563. (2025) | Other | chiral vanadium trioxide nanoparticles (l-v(2)o(3)) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Toward a Radically Simple Multi‐Modal Nasal Spray for Preventing Respiratory Infections Joseph, J. et al.. Advanced Materials 36(46) e2406348. (2024) | Barrier Agent | pathogen capture and neutralizing spray (pcans) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Computational Design and Glycoengineering of Interferon‐Lambda for Nasal Prophylaxis Against Respiratory Viruses Yun, J. et al.. Advanced Science 13(6) e06764. (2026) | Interferon | interferon-lambda (g-hifn-lambda3-de1) | In Silico | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Pharmacokinetic‐based failure of a detergent virucidal for severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nasal infections: A preclinical study and randomized controlled trial Esther, C. et al.. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 12(9) 1137-1147. (2022) | Antiseptic | johnson and johnson's baby shampoo (detergent virucidal) | RCT | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| Trypstatin as a Novel TMPRSS2 Inhibitor with Broad‐Spectrum Efficacy against Corona and Influenza Viruses Lawrenz, J. et al.. Advanced Science 12(25) e2506430. (2025) | Other | trypstatin | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| Naturally derived cytokine peptides limit virus replication and severe disease during influenza A virus infection Harpur, C. et al.. Clinical & Translational Immunology 12(3) e1443. (2023) | Other | lat8881 | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Tolerance of one‐month intranasal interferon Scott, G. et al.. Journal of Medical Virology 17(2) 99-106. (1985) | Interferon | leucocyte interferon | Non Randomized Trial | — | Human | Prevention |
| Lowering the transmission and spread of human coronavirus Meyers, C. et al.. Journal of Medical Virology 93(3) 1605-1612. (2021) | Saline Irrigation | baby shampoo nasal rinse | In Vitro | — | In Vitro | Not Applicable |
| The Effect of Povidone‐Iodine Nasal Spray on Nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 Viral Load: A Randomized Control Trial Zarabanda, D. et al.. The Laryngoscope 132(11) 2089-2095. (2022) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Phase II Trial of the Impact 0.5% Povidone‐Iodine Nasal Spray (Nasodine®) on Shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2 Friedland, P. et al.. The Laryngoscope 134(9) 3947-3952. (2024) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine (nasodine) | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Single therapeutic dose of an antiviral UL29 siRNA swarm diminishes symptoms and viral load of mice infected intranasally with HSV‐1 Lasanen, T. et al.. Smart Medicine 2(2) e20230009. (2023) | Other | anti-ul29 sirna swarm | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Novel Wide‐Spectrum Virucidal Lipid Nanoparticles Martins, Y. et al.. Small 22(7) e07669. (2026) | Other | postan (polyoxyethylene sorbitan oleate and sodium taurodeoxycholate lipid nanoparticles) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Both |
| Targeted Therapy of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in African Green Monkeys by Intranasally Administered 2-5A Antisense Leaman, D. et al.. Virology 292(1) 70-77. (2002) | Other | 2-5a antisense oligonucleotide | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Treating Respiratory Viral Diseases with Chemically Modified, Second Generation Intranasal siRNAs Barik, S.. Methods in Molecular Biology 487 1-11. (2009) | Other | chemically modified second-generation sirna | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Therapy of Respiratory Viral Infections with Intranasal siRNAs Barik, S. et al.. Methods in Molecular Biology 1218 251-262. (2015) | Other | intranasal sirna | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Drug resistant rhinoviruses from the nose of experimentally treated volunteers Dearden, C. et al.. Archives of Virology 109(1-2) 71-81. (1989) | Antiviral Drug | r61837 | Human Challenge | — | Human | Treatment |
| Clinical evaluation of prophylactic intranasal 1-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl) guanidine (CL 88,277) medication against rhinovirus 44 challenge Togo, Y. et al.. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 163(1) 37-44. (1977) | Antiviral Drug | 1-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl) guanidine (cl 88,277) | Human Challenge | — | Human | Prevention |
| Inhibition of influenza A H3N8 virus infections in mice by morpholino oligomers Lupfer, C. et al.. Archives of Virology 153(5) 929-937. (2008) | Other | phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (ppmo) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Influenza virus infection of hamsters. A model for evaluating antiviral drugs Renis, H.. Archives of Virology 54(1-2) 85-93. (1977) | Antiviral Drug | virazole | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Study of Antiviral Efficiency of Oxidized Dextrans In Vitro and In Vivo Kurskaya, O. et al.. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 165(2) 248-251. (2018) | Other | oxidized dextrans | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Virucidal Effect of Povidone Iodine on SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharynx: An Open-label Randomized Clinical Trial M., K. et al.. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 74(S2) 3283-3292. (2022) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Virucidal effect of povidone iodine on COVID-19 in the nasopharynx: an open-label randomized clinical trial Arefin, M. et al.. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 74(S2) 2963-2967. (2022) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine | RCT | — | Human | Prevention |
| An effective dosage regimen for prophylaxis against rhinovirus infection by intranasal administration of HuIFN-α2 Phillpotts, R. et al.. Antiviral Research 3(2) 121-136. (1983) | Interferon | human interferon alpha 2 (huifn-alpha 2) | Human Challenge | — | Human | Prevention |
| Pharmacokinetics of intranasally applied medication during a cold Phillpotts, R. et al.. Antiviral Research 4(1-2) 71-74. (1984) | Interferon | interferon | Human Challenge | — | Human | Not Applicable |
| Intranasal interferon (rIFN-αA, Ro 22-8181) for contact prophylaxis against common cold: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled field study Herzog, C. et al.. Antiviral Research 6(3) 171-176. (1986) | Interferon | recombinant interferon alpha (ro 22-8181) | Non Randomized Trial | — | Human | Prevention |
| Failure to demonstrate synergy between interferon-α and a synthetic antiviral, enviroxime, in rhinovirus infections in volunteers Higgins, P. et al.. Antiviral Research 10(1-3) 141-149. (1988) | Interferon | recombinant interferon-alpha | Human Challenge | — | Human | Prevention |
| Intranasal tolerance and histopathologic effects of a novel synthetic interferon, rIFN-αCon1 Hayden, F. et al.. Antiviral Research 10(4-5) 225-234. (1988) | Interferon | recombinant interferon alpha con1 (rifn-alpha con1) | Non Randomized Trial | — | Human | Not Applicable |
| Modification of experimental rhinovirus colds by receptor blockade Hayden, F. et al.. Antiviral Research 9(4) 233-247. (1988) | Other | rhinovirus receptor murine monoclonal antibody (rrma) | Human Challenge | — | Human | Prevention |
| In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of plant flavonoids possessing inhibitory activity for influenza virus sialidase Nagai, T. et al.. Antiviral Research 19(3) 207-217. (1992) | Other | isoscutellarein-8-methylether (f36) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| The efficacy of intranasal interferonα-2a in respiratory syncytial virus infection in volunteers Higgins, P. et al.. Antiviral Research 14(1) 3-10. (1990) | Interferon | interferon alpha-2a | Human Challenge | — | Human | Both |
| Effect of liposome-encapsulation on immunomodulating and antiviral activities of interferon-γ Saravolac, E. et al.. Antiviral Research 29(2-3) 199-207. (1996) | Interferon | liposome-encapsulated interferon-gamma | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Repurposing 0.5% povidone iodine solution in otorhinolaryngology practice in Covid 19 pandemic Khan, M. et al.. American Journal of Otolaryngology 41(5) 102618. (2020) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine | Case Series | — | Human | Prevention |
| Enhancement of host resistance against virus infections by MTP-PE, a synthetic lipophilic muramyl peptide — I. Increased survival in mice and guinea pigs after single drug administration prior to infection, and the effect of MTP-PE on interferon leve Dietrich, F. et al.. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 8(8) 931-942. (1986) | Other | muramyl tripeptide-phosphatidylethanolamine (mtp-pe) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Administration of a dual toll-like receptor 7 and toll-like receptor 8 agonist protects against influenza in rats Hammerbeck, D. et al.. Antiviral Research 73(1) 1-11. (2007) | Other | 3m-011 (tlr7/8 agonist) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| Evaluation of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ALN-RSV01, a novel RNAi antiviral therapeutic directed against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) DeVincenzo, J. et al.. Antiviral Research 77(3) 225-231. (2008) | Other | aln-rsv01 | Non Randomized Trial | — | Human | Not Applicable |
| Single-dose intranasal administration with mDEF201 (adenovirus vectored mouse interferon-alpha) confers protection from mortality in a lethal SARS-CoV BALB/c mouse model Kumaki, Y. et al.. Antiviral Research 89(1) 75-82. (2011) | Interferon | mdef201 (adenovirus vectored mouse interferon-alpha) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| FimH, a TLR4 ligand, induces innate antiviral responses in the lung leading to protection against lethal influenza infection in mice Abdul-Careem, M. et al.. Antiviral Research 92(2) 346-355. (2011) | Other | fimh (tlr4 ligand) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of influenza virus via disrupting the subunits interaction of the viral polymerase Yuan, S. et al.. Antiviral Research 125 34-42. (2016) | Antiviral Drug | ana-1 | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Respiratory syncytial virus infection in macaques is not suppressed by intranasal sprays of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors Grandin, C. et al.. Antiviral Research 125 58-62. (2016) | Antiviral Drug | pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors (ippa17-a04 and gac50) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Antiviral activity of gemcitabine against human rhinovirus in vitro and in vivo Song, J. et al.. Antiviral Research 145 6-13. (2017) | Antiviral Drug | gemcitabine | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of budesonide against human rhinovirus infection mediated via autophagy activation Kim, S. et al.. Antiviral Research 151 87-96. (2018) | Other | budesonide | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Identification and evaluation of a novel tribenzamide derivative as an inhibitor targeting the entry of the respiratory syncytial virus Issmail, L. et al.. Antiviral Research 211 105547. (2023) | Antiviral Drug | tribenzamide derivative (2f) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| An intranasally delivered ultra-conserved siRNA prophylactically represses SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung and nasal cavity. Idris, A. et al.. Antiviral Research 222 105815. (2024) | Other | anti-sars-cov-2 sirna | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Comparison of the anti-influenza virus activity of cyclopentane derivatives with oseltamivir and zanamivir in vivo Chand, P. et al.. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13(12) 4071-4077. (2005) | Antiviral Drug | bcx-1812 | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Efficacy of a multiple-indication antiviral herbal drug (Saliravira®) for COVID-19 outpatients: A pre-clinical and randomized clinical trial study Khorshiddoust, R. et al.. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 149 112729. (2022) | Other | saliravira (herbal compound) | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| HR121 targeting HR2 domain in S2 subunit of spike protein can serve as a broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor via intranasal administration Lu, Y. et al.. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 13(8) 3339-3351. (2023) | Other | hr121 (heptad repeat 121) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Synthesis and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effect of ester prodrug of 4-guanidino-7-O-methyl-Neu5Ac2en Honda, T. et al.. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19(11) 2938-2940. (2009) | Antiviral Drug | zanamivir (cs-8958) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Seaweed-derived fucoidans and rhamnan sulfates serve as potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents with potential for prophylaxis Song, Y. et al.. Carbohydrate Polymers 337 122156. (2024) | Other | fucoidan (fsejrpi-27) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| A Carbohydrate-Binding Protein from the Edible Lablab Beans Effectively Blocks the Infections of Influenza Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 Liu, Y. et al.. Cell Reports 32(6) 108016. (2020) | Other | fril (lectin from lablab purpureus) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Both |
| Poly(ethylene oxide/propylene oxide) copolymer thermo-reversible gelling system for the enhancement of intranasal zidovudine delivery to the brain Ved, P. et al.. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 411(1-2) 1-9. (2011) | Antiviral Drug | zidovudine | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Not Applicable |
| Leveraging the antiviral type I interferon system as a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity Hoagland, D. et al.. Immunity 54(3) 557-570.e5. (2021) | Interferon | recombinant interferon alpha | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 by monoclonal antibody through dual targeting powder formulation Seow, H. et al.. Journal of Controlled Release 358 128-141. (2023) | Other | wks13 (monoclonal antibody) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Polypurine reverse hoogsteen hairpins as a therapeutic tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection Ciudad, C. et al.. Journal of Biological Chemistry 300(11) 107884. (2024) | Other | polypurine reverse hoogsteen hairpins (cc1-pprh, cc3-pprh) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Virucidal activity of nasal sprays against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 Meister, T. et al.. Journal of Hospital Infection 120 9-13. (2022) | Antiseptic | sodium hypochlorite | In Vitro | — | In Vitro | Not Applicable |
| Novel effect of methionine enkephalin against influenza A virus infection through inhibiting TLR7-MyD88-TRAF6-NF-κB p65 signaling pathway Tian, J. et al.. International Immunopharmacology 55 38-48. (2018) | Other | methionine enkephalin (menk) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| Clinical efficacy of nitric oxide nasal spray (NONS) for the treatment of mild COVID-19 infection Winchester, S. et al.. Journal of Infection 83(2) 237-279. (2021) | Nitric Oxide | nitric oxide nasal spray (nons) | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial of inhaled and intranasal niclosamide: A broad spectrum antiviral candidate for treatment of COVID-19 Backer, V. et al.. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 4 100084. (2021) | Antiviral Drug | niclosamide (uni91104) | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| SARS-CoV-2 accelerated clearance using a novel nitric oxide nasal spray (NONS) treatment: A randomized trial Tandon, M. et al.. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia 3 100036. (2022) | Nitric Oxide | nitric oxide (nons) | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Harnessing nanozyme-immunomodulation for antiviral defense via Fe–nordihydroguaiaretic acid nano-networks Wan, H. et al.. Materials Today Bio 35 102567. (2025) | Other | iron-phenolic nano-networks (na-fe) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| An angiotensin-converting enzyme-2-derived heptapeptide GK-7 for SARS-CoV-2 spike blockade Han, S. et al.. Peptides 145 170638. (2021) | Other | gk-7 peptide | Animal In Vivo | — | In Vitro | Not Applicable |
| Randomized, non-inferiority trial comparing a nitric oxide releasing solution with a macrolide antibiotic for control of bovine respiratory disease in beef feedlot calves at high-risk of developing respiratory tract disease Crepieux, T. et al.. Research in Veterinary Science 105 216-221. (2016) | Nitric Oxide | nitric oxide releasing solution (nors) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway for protection against influenza virus infection Wong, J. et al.. Vaccine 27(25-26) 3481-3483. (2009) | Other | poly iclc | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Potent antiviral activity of the extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo Joo, Y. et al.. Phytomedicine 97 153892. (2022) | Other | elaeocarpus sylvestris extract (ese) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human interferons α-2b nasal spray to prevent acute viral respiratory infections in military recruits Gao, L. et al.. Vaccine 28(28) 4445-4451. (2010) | Interferon | recombinant human interferon alpha-2b | RCT | — | Human | Prevention |
| An enhanced broad-spectrum peptide inhibits Omicron variants in vivo Bi, W. et al.. Cell Reports Medicine 5(2) 101418. (2024) | Other | a1l35hr2m-chol | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| A novel monoclonal antibody effective against lethal challenge with swine-lineage and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice Shao, H. et al.. Virology 417(2) 379-384. (2011) | Other | monoclonal antibody s-oiv-3b2 | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| An in vivo safety and efficacy demonstration of a topical liposomal nitric oxide donor treatment for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm–associated rhinosinusitis Jardeleza, C. et al.. Translational Research 166(6) 683-692. (2015) | Nitric Oxide | liposomal nitric oxide donor (isosorbide mononitrate) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| Serum amyloid P component inhibits influenza A virus infections: in vitro and in vivo studies Horváth, A. et al.. Antiviral Research 52(1) 43-53. (2001) | Other | serum amyloid p component | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| A randomized trial of zinc nasal spray for the treatment of upper respiratory illness in adults Belongia, E. et al.. The American Journal of Medicine 111(2) 103-108. (2001) | Antiseptic | zinc sulfate | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Identification of FDA-approved bifonazole as a SARS-CoV-2 blocking agent following a bioreporter drug screen Taha, Z. et al.. Molecular Therapy 30(9) 2998-3016. (2022) | Antiviral Drug | bifonazole | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Intranasally administered alpha/beta interferon prevents extension of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM, into the brains of BALB/cByJ mice Smith, A. et al.. Antiviral Research 8(5-6) 239-245. (1987) | Interferon | alpha/beta interferon | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Prevention of lethal respiratory vaccinia infections in mice with interferon-α and interferon-γ Liu, G. et al.. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 40(3) 201-206. (2004) | Interferon | interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| The SHIELD Study: A preliminary analysis of nasal and oral antisepsis to prevent COVID-19 Keating, J. et al.. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2(S1) s75-s75. (2022) | Antiseptic | povidone-iodine | Non Randomized Trial | — | Human | Prevention |
| A study of intranasally administered interferon A (rIFN-α2A) for the seasonal prophylaxis of natural viral infections of the upper respiratory tract in healthy volunteers Tannock, G. et al.. Epidemiology and Infection 101(3) 611-621. (1988) | Interferon | recombinant interferon alpha 2a (rifn-alpha 2a) | RCT | — | Human | Prevention |
| Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Styrene Maleic-Acid Copolymer Lipid Particle Nanodiscs for pH-Responsive Irreversible Virus Inactivation Hwang, J. et al.. Biomacromolecules 26(7) 4051-4068. (2025) | Other | styrene maleic acid copolymer lipid particle nanodiscs (smalp-nds) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Benzene with Alkyl Chains Is a Universal Scaffold for Multivalent Virucidal Antivirals Zhu, Y. et al.. ACS Central Science 10(5) 1012-1021. (2024) | Other | multivalent entry inhibitor (mei) with hydrophobic arms | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| STING Agonist Induced Innate Immune Responses Drive Anti-Respiratory Virus Activity In Vitro with Limited Antiviral Efficacy In Vivo Broeckel, R. et al.. ACS Infectious Diseases 10(9) 3392-3407. (2024) | Other | diabzi-4 | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| Peptide-Mediated Interference of PB2-eIF4G1 Interaction Inhibits Influenza A Viruses’ Replication in Vitro and in Vivo Yuan, S. et al.. ACS Infectious Diseases 2(7) 471-477. (2016) | Other | peptide (pb2-eif4g1 inhibitory peptide) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Abiotic Synthetic Antibody Inhibitor with Broad-Spectrum Neutralization and Antiviral Efficacy against Escaping SARS-CoV-2 Variants Li, B. et al.. ACS Nano 17(7) 7017-7034. (2023) | Other | aphe-np14 | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Both |
| A Selective SARS-CoV-2 Host-Directed Antiviral Targeting Stress Response to Reactive Oxygen Species Tang, C. et al.. ACS Central Science 9(1) 109-121. (2023) | Other | piperlongumine | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| Easily hydrolyzable, water-soluble derivatives of (.+-.)-.alpha.-5-[1-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-methylamino-.DELTA.2-thiazolin-4-one, a novel antiviral compound Harnden, M. et al.. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 22(2) 191-195. (1979) | Antiviral Drug | alpha-5-[1-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-methylamino-delta2-thiazoline-4-one | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| Intranasal Administration of the TLR2 Agonist Pam2Cys Provides Rapid Protection against Influenza in Mice Tan, A. et al.. Molecular Pharmaceutics 9(9) 2710-2718. (2012) | Other | pam2cys (tlr2 agonist) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Enhanced Anti-influenza Agents Conjugated with Anti-inflammatory Activity Liu, K. et al.. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 55(19) 8493-8501. (2012) | Antiviral Drug | zanamivir-caffeic acid conjugate (za-7-ca) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Treatment |
| Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection with intranasal siRNA nanoparticles targeting the viral NS1 gene Zhang, W. et al.. Nature Medicine 11(1) 56-62. (2005) | Other | sirna nanoparticles targeting ns1 gene | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Both |
| A universal dual mechanism immunotherapy for the treatment of influenza virus infections Liu, X. et al.. Nature Communications 11(1) 5597. (2020) | Antiviral Drug | zanamivir-dinitrophenyl conjugate | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Treatment |
| An intranasal ASO therapeutic targeting SARS-CoV-2 Zhu, C. et al.. Nature Communications 13(1) 4503. (2022) | Other | locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (lna asos) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| An immunostimulatory glycolipid that blocks SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza infections in vivo Tsuji, M. et al.. Nature Communications 14(1) 3959. (2023) | Other | 7dw8-5 | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| An intranasally administered IgM protects against antigenically distinct subtypes of influenza A viruses Ramesh, A. et al.. Nature Communications 16(1) 4025. (2025) | Other | engineered igm-f045-092 | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Prevention |
| Intranasal administration of broad-spectrum macrocyclic peptide inhibitor protects against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants Wang, M. et al.. Nature Communications 17(1) 1753. (2026) | Other | macrocyclic peptide (6l3-1f3p11hr) | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |
| Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan against influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Jang, Y. et al.. Scientific Reports 11(1) 821. (2021) | Barrier Agent | lambda-carrageenan | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| SARS-CoV-2 inhibition using a mucoadhesive, amphiphilic chitosan that may serve as an anti-viral nasal spray Pyrć, K. et al.. Scientific Reports 11(1) 20012. (2021) | Other | n-palmitoyl-n-monomethyl-n,n-dimethyl-n,n,n-trimethyl-6-o-glycolchitosan (gcpq) | Animal In Vivo | — | Mixed | Prevention |
| Astodrimer sodium antiviral nasal spray for reducing respiratory infections is safe and well tolerated in a randomized controlled trial Castellarnau, A. et al.. Scientific Reports 12(1) 10210. (2022) | Other | astodrimer sodium | RCT | — | Human | Both |
| Early intervention with azelastine nasal spray may reduce viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients Klussmann, J. et al.. Scientific Reports 13(1) 6839. (2023) | Other | azelastine | RCT | — | Human | Treatment |
| Early IFN-β administration protects cigarette smoke exposed mice against lethal influenza virus infection without increasing lung inflammation Wu, W. et al.. Scientific Reports 12(1) 4080. (2022) | Interferon | recombinant interferon beta | Animal In Vivo | — | Animal | Both |